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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Sigmund Freud
Had different patients that had all kinds of disorders and was interested in figuring out how these symptoms work and how to cure them.
Unconscious Motives
Freud used an iceberg as an analogy of the human mind.

The conscious is the tip of the iceberg, the preconscious (super ego, ego) is the middle, and the bottom is the unconscious (id).
Structure of the Mind
Id

Ego

Superego
Id
Consists of innate drives

Pleasure principle – seek immediate gratification
Ego
Reality principle

Develops from age 4-5
Superego
Conscience, personal code of conduct

Strong superego = virtuous/guilt-ridden

Weak superego = wantonly self-indulgent/remorseless
Development of Personality
Personality forms in first few years

Psychosexual Stages

Adults’ personalities rooted in unresolved conflicts from childhood.
o Fixation
Anxiety
Ego fears losing control of war between the id and the superego.

Result = anxiety

Reduce or redirect anxiety

Defense mechanisms
Examples of Defense Mechanisms
Rationalization

Reaction Formation

Projection

Displacement
Assessing the Unconscious
Free association

Projective tests

Rorschach inkblot tests

No universal system for scoring and interpreting these tests

These tests don’t predict behavior or discriminate between groups (suicidal/non-suicidal)
Freud’s Ideas Today
Formed theories without technology
o PET scan, EEG, etc.
• Many criticisms:
o Development is lifelong, not fixed in childhood
o Underestimated peer influence
o Sexual suppression does not cause psychological disorders
o No specific method
Measuring Personality
Personality Inventories

Self-Report

Minnesota Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The Social Context
The social context matters

Distinctiveness Hypothesis

We choose the set we compare ourselves to strategically.
The Five Factor Model of Personality
Openness

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism
Psychological Disorders
Diagnosing mental illness is very complex.
Medical Model
Helps you determine your symptoms, causes, and potential cures.

DSM-IV-TR
o Has been revised majorly four times (IV)
What Makes Symptoms a Disorder
Disturbances in behavior, thoughts and emotions

Personal distress or impairment

Internal dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both)
Comorbidity
Co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
Classification and Causation
Identify category

Etiology
o Psychological, biological, environmental

Prognosis

Most disorders have both internal and external causes
o Diathesis-stress model
o 9/11/01
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Panic Disorder

Phobic Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions)

Ritualistic behaviors (compulsions)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Chronic excessive worry + 2 or more of the following:
o Restlessness
o Fatigue
o Concentration Problems
o Irritability
o Muscle Tension
o Sleep Disturbance
Panic Disorder
Inappropriate, intense apprehension and physical symptoms of fear occur so frequently as to produce significant impairment.

Agoraphobia – afraid of future panic attacks in front of other people
Phobic Disorders
Excessive fear and avoidance or specific objects, activities, and/or situations

Common phobias:
o Animals
o Natural environments
o Situations
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder
2 or more distinct personalities alternately control a person’s behavior.

Often viewed as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Depressive Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder

Dysthymia

Seasonal Affective Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
Severely depressed mood.

Lasts about 6 months or more

Often gets better; but if the person goes without treatment, 80% of that population will suffer another relapse.

Feelings of worthlessness

Lack of pleasure

Lethargy

Sleep and appetite disturbances
Dysthymia
Same symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder, but less severe.

However, episodes lasts longer (about 2 years)
Seasonal Affective Disorder
The weather affects your mood.
o Example: when the weather is gloomy, a person becomes angry
Biological Factors of Depressive Disorder
Concordance rates in twins with severe cases:
• Identical: 59%
• Fraternal: 30%

Neurotransmitters:
• Norepinephrine and serotonin
Bipolar Disorder
Depressive episodes + manic episodes

Formerly called “manic depression”

Concordance rate is higher than depression
o Identical: 80%
Symptoms of Mania
Inappropriate elation

Extravagant speech and actions

Sexual promiscuity

Impulsive behavior

Incessant talking

Very little sleep
Schizophrenia
1% of the population

Late adolescence/early adulthood

Primary diagnosis for 40% of mental hospitals patients
5 Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Delusion
• False belief system
• Bizarre, grandiose
• Paranoid Schizophrenia

Hallucination
• False perceptual experience; seems real
• Usually auditory
• Commands, scolding, suggesting bizarre actions

Disorganized Speech
• Ideas shift rapidly and incoherently
• Unorganized thoughts and unfocused attention.
Grossly Disorganized Behavior
• Inappropriate for situation

Disorganized Schizophrenia
• Specific motor disturbances
• Catatonic Behavior
• Medication induced movement disorders
• Catatonic Schizophrenia

Negative Symptoms
• Emotional & social withdrawal
• Apathy
• Poverty of speech
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Emotional & social withdrawal

Apathy

Poverty of speech
Factors That Increase the Likelihood of Schizophrenia
Genetic predisposition

Mother got a virus during second trimester of pregnancy
Conformity
Asch (1956 experiment):
o When confederate gave wrong answers, participant also gave wrong answer.
Why Conform
Need to be right
• Informational Conformity

Need to be liked
• Normative Conformity
Attribution
The causes we assign to a behavior: 2 types:
• Personal
o Example: ability, personality, mood, effort
• Situational
o Factors external to the person
o Example: the task, other people, luck
Fundamental Attribution Error
When trying to understand the behavior of others:

We ignore external causes

Focus on personal causes