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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sigmund Freud
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Had different patients that had all kinds of disorders and was interested in figuring out how these symptoms work and how to cure them.
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Unconscious Motives
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Freud used an iceberg as an analogy of the human mind.
The conscious is the tip of the iceberg, the preconscious (super ego, ego) is the middle, and the bottom is the unconscious (id). |
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Structure of the Mind
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Id
Ego Superego |
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Id
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Consists of innate drives
Pleasure principle – seek immediate gratification |
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Ego
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Reality principle
Develops from age 4-5 |
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Superego
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Conscience, personal code of conduct
Strong superego = virtuous/guilt-ridden Weak superego = wantonly self-indulgent/remorseless |
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Development of Personality
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Personality forms in first few years
Psychosexual Stages Adults’ personalities rooted in unresolved conflicts from childhood. o Fixation |
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Anxiety
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Ego fears losing control of war between the id and the superego.
Result = anxiety Reduce or redirect anxiety Defense mechanisms |
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Examples of Defense Mechanisms
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Rationalization
Reaction Formation Projection Displacement |
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Assessing the Unconscious
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Free association
Projective tests Rorschach inkblot tests No universal system for scoring and interpreting these tests These tests don’t predict behavior or discriminate between groups (suicidal/non-suicidal) |
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Freud’s Ideas Today
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Formed theories without technology
o PET scan, EEG, etc. • Many criticisms: o Development is lifelong, not fixed in childhood o Underestimated peer influence o Sexual suppression does not cause psychological disorders o No specific method |
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Measuring Personality
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Personality Inventories
Self-Report Minnesota Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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The Social Context
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The social context matters
Distinctiveness Hypothesis We choose the set we compare ourselves to strategically. |
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The Five Factor Model of Personality
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Openness
Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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Psychological Disorders
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Diagnosing mental illness is very complex.
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Medical Model
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Helps you determine your symptoms, causes, and potential cures.
DSM-IV-TR o Has been revised majorly four times (IV) |
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What Makes Symptoms a Disorder
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Disturbances in behavior, thoughts and emotions
Personal distress or impairment Internal dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both) |
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Comorbidity
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Co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
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Classification and Causation
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Identify category
Etiology o Psychological, biological, environmental Prognosis Most disorders have both internal and external causes o Diathesis-stress model o 9/11/01 |
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Anxiety Disorders
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobic Disorders |
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions)
Ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Chronic excessive worry + 2 or more of the following:
o Restlessness o Fatigue o Concentration Problems o Irritability o Muscle Tension o Sleep Disturbance |
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Panic Disorder
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Inappropriate, intense apprehension and physical symptoms of fear occur so frequently as to produce significant impairment.
Agoraphobia – afraid of future panic attacks in front of other people |
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Phobic Disorders
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Excessive fear and avoidance or specific objects, activities, and/or situations
Common phobias: o Animals o Natural environments o Situations |
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Dissociative Disorders
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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2 or more distinct personalities alternately control a person’s behavior.
Often viewed as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Depressive Disorders
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Major Depressive Disorder
Dysthymia Seasonal Affective Disorder |
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Major Depressive Disorder
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Severely depressed mood.
Lasts about 6 months or more Often gets better; but if the person goes without treatment, 80% of that population will suffer another relapse. Feelings of worthlessness Lack of pleasure Lethargy Sleep and appetite disturbances |
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Dysthymia
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Same symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder, but less severe.
However, episodes lasts longer (about 2 years) |
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Seasonal Affective Disorder
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The weather affects your mood.
o Example: when the weather is gloomy, a person becomes angry |
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Biological Factors of Depressive Disorder
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Concordance rates in twins with severe cases:
• Identical: 59% • Fraternal: 30% Neurotransmitters: • Norepinephrine and serotonin |
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Bipolar Disorder
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Depressive episodes + manic episodes
Formerly called “manic depression” Concordance rate is higher than depression o Identical: 80% |
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Symptoms of Mania
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Inappropriate elation
Extravagant speech and actions Sexual promiscuity Impulsive behavior Incessant talking Very little sleep |
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Schizophrenia
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1% of the population
Late adolescence/early adulthood Primary diagnosis for 40% of mental hospitals patients |
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5 Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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Delusion
• False belief system • Bizarre, grandiose • Paranoid Schizophrenia Hallucination • False perceptual experience; seems real • Usually auditory • Commands, scolding, suggesting bizarre actions Disorganized Speech • Ideas shift rapidly and incoherently • Unorganized thoughts and unfocused attention. Grossly Disorganized Behavior • Inappropriate for situation Disorganized Schizophrenia • Specific motor disturbances • Catatonic Behavior • Medication induced movement disorders • Catatonic Schizophrenia Negative Symptoms • Emotional & social withdrawal • Apathy • Poverty of speech |
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Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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Emotional & social withdrawal
Apathy Poverty of speech |
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Factors That Increase the Likelihood of Schizophrenia
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Genetic predisposition
Mother got a virus during second trimester of pregnancy |
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Conformity
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Asch (1956 experiment):
o When confederate gave wrong answers, participant also gave wrong answer. |
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Why Conform
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Need to be right
• Informational Conformity Need to be liked • Normative Conformity |
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Attribution
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The causes we assign to a behavior: 2 types:
• Personal o Example: ability, personality, mood, effort • Situational o Factors external to the person o Example: the task, other people, luck |
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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When trying to understand the behavior of others:
We ignore external causes Focus on personal causes |