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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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empirical evidence |
evidence gathered by careful observation, experimentation, and measurement. |
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psychology |
the discipline concerned with behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment. |
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functionalism |
emphasizes the function, or purpose, of behavior, instead of its analysis and description. |
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psychoanalysis |
a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy originally developed by Sigmund Freud; it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts. |
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biological perspective |
focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts. |
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learning perspective |
concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person's (or a nonhuman animal's) actions. |
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cognitive perspective |
emphasizes what goes on in people's heads-how people reason, remember, understand language, solve problems, explain experiences, acquire moral standards, and form beliefs. |
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sociocultural perspective |
focuses on how social and cultural forces shape every aspect of human behavior. |
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psychodynamic perspective |
deals with unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or instinctual energy. |
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basic psychology |
psychology for those seeking knowledge for its own sake |
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applied psychology |
psychology for those concerned with the practical uses of knowledge |
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critical thinking |
the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence, rather than emotion and anecdote. |
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hypothesis |
a statement that attempts to describe or explain a given behavior, and initially, this hypothesis may be stated quite generally, as in, "Misery loves company." |
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operational definitions |
these specify how the phenomena in question are to be observed and measured. for example, "anxiety" might be defined operationally as a score on an anxiety questionnaire |
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principle of falsifiability |
a principle where researchers put their own assumptions to the test by stating a hypothesis in such a way that it can be refuted, or disproved by counter evidence. |
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descriptive methods |
these allow researches to describe and predicts behavior but not necessarily to choose one explanation over competing ones. |
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case study |
a detailed description of a particular individual. |
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observational studies |
a study in which the researcher observes, measures, and records behavior while taking care to avoid intruding on the people or animals being observed. |
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psychological tests |
procedures for measuring and evaluating personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values. |
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placebo |
a fake treatment meant to 'trick' a subject into believing its effects are real |
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double-blind study |
a study in which the person running the experiments, the one having actual contact with the subjects, also does not know which subjects are in which groups until data have been gathered. |
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personality |
refers to a distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual over time. |
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traits |
habitual ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling. |
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behaviorism |
an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior. |
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operant conditioning |
involves voluntary rather than reflexive behavior, the consequences of any act powerfully affect the probability that the act will occur again. |
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reinforcers |
pleasant consequences used in operant conditioning |
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psychoanalysis |
a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy originally developed by Sigmund Freud; it emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts. |
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psychodynamic |
description of Freud's theories because they emphasize the movement of psychological energy within the person, in the form of attachments, conflicts, and motivations. |
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id |
the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure. |
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libido |
psychic energy that fuels the id. |
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ego |
the second system to emerge, a referee between the needs of instinct and the demands of society. it bows to the realities of life. |
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superego |
the last system of personality to develop, represents morality, the rules of parents and society, and the power of authority. |
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defense mechanisms |
unconscious weapons that deny or distort reality. |
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repression |
occurs when a threatening idea, memory, or emotion is blocked from consciousness. |
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projection |
occurs when a person's own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and then attributed to someone else. |
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displacement |
occurs when people direct their emotions toward things, animals, or other people that are not the real object of their feelings. |
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reaction formation |
occurs when a feeling that produces unconscious anxiety is transformed into its opposite in consciousness.s |
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regression |
occurs when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development |
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denial |
occurs when people refuse to admit that something is unpleasant. |
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Oedipus complex |
when a child unconsciously wishes to posses the parent of the other sex, and to get rid of the parent of the same sex. |
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collective unconscious |
shared by all humans that contains universal memories, symbols, and images that are the legacy of human history. |
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archetypes |
can be a picture, which Carl Jung thought symbolizes a certain aspect of human nature, such as the Hero or the nurturing Earth Mother. |
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humanist psychology |
a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential rather than the scientific understanding and assessment of behavior. |
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contact comfort |
importance of comforting and touching your child when they're young. |
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separation anxiety |
anxiety that arises within someone if the primary caregiver temporarily leaves them. |
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telegraphic |
a child's first word combinations, which omit necessary words. |
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assimilation |
what you do when you fit new information into your present system of knowledge and beliefs |
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schemas |
networks of associations, beliefs, and expectations about categories of things and people. |
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accommodation |
what you do when, as a result of undeniable new information, you must change or modify your existing schemas. |
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PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE STAGES: the sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) |
the infant learns through concrete actions, looking, touching, hearing, putting things in the mouth, etc. |
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object permanence |
understanding that something continues to exist even if you can't see it or touch it. |
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PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE STAGES: the pre operational stage (ages 2 to 7) |
child starts to represent the world internally through language. |
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egocentric |
child cannot take another point of view (piaget's theory of cognitive stages pre operational stage) |
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animism |
child thinks all objects have life (piaget's theory of cognitive stages pre operational stage) |
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artificialism |
child thinks human beings created everything (piaget's theory of cognitive stages pre operational stage) |
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transductive logic |
assumes characteristics of a specific idea can be applied to a similar idea (a=b, b=c, so a must = c) (piaget's theory of cognitive stages pre operational stage) |
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PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE STAGES: the concrete operations stage (ages 7 to 12) |
children's thinking is still grounded in concrete experiences and concepts, rather than in abstractions or logical deductions. |
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conservation |
objects can change shape without changing characteristics (concrete stage of piaget's theory of cognitive stages) |
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reversibility |
performs operations in another direction (subtracting etc) (concrete stage of piaget's theory of cognitive stages) |
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inductive logic |
draws conclusions from a number of specific facts (concrete stage of piaget's theory of cognitive stages) |
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PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE STAGES: the formal operations stage (age 12 to adulthood) |
teenagers become capable of abstract reasoning, can hypothesize |
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deductive logic |
child derives specific facts from generalizations (piaget's theory of cognitive stages formal stage) |
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induction |
method of disciplining a child in which the parent appeals to the child's own resources, helpful nature, affection for others, and sense of responsibility. |
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menarche |
onset of menstruation |
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ERIKSON'S STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Trust vs. Mistrust |
Stage 1. (birth to one year) Can I feel secure? |
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ERIKSON'S STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt |
Stage 2. (one to two years) Can I Make Choices? |
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ERIKSON'S STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Initiative vs Guilt |
Stage 3. (three to five years) Will I be made to feel guilty for trying new things? |
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ERIKSON'S STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Industry vs Inferiority |
Stage 4 (six to puberty) Do I feel worthless in comparison to others? |
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ERIKSON'S STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Identity vs. Role Confusion |
Stage 5 (adolescence) Do I know who I am and do I know where I'm going? |
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ERIKSON'S STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Intimacy vs. Isolation |
Stage 6 (early adulthood) Can I commit to another person? |
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ERIKSON'S STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Generatively vs. Stagnation |
Stage 7 (middle adulthood) Am I a productive member of society? |
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ERIKSON'S STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: Integrity vs. Despair |
Stage 8 (elderly) Am I ready to die? |
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sensation |
the detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects |
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perception |
a set of processes that organize sensory impulses into meaningful patterns. |
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prototype |
a representative example of the concept |
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cognitive schemas |
networks of knowledge, associations, beliefs, and expectations |
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dialectical reasoning |
the process of comparing and evaluating opposing points of view |
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antipsychotic drugs |
treats schizophrenia |
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antidepressant drug |
treats depress |
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tranquilizers |
tranquilize. use for depressed mood or anxiety. xanax valium |
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lithium carbonate |
helps bipolar disorder |
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systematic desensitization |
stimulus for an unwanted response is paired with some other stimulus or situation that elicits a response incompatible with the desirable one |
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structuralism |
a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity. idk
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functionalism |
an early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and unconscious |
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behaviorism |
an approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior |
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cognitive perspective |
a psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior |
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biological perspective |
a psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts |
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John B. Watson |
behaviorist |
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Ivan Pavlov |
classical conditioning, salivating dogs |
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B. F. Skinner |
radical behaviorism
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