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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What personal factors influence perception?
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Motivation, values, cognitive style, desires, personality, beliefs and needs, expectations, experience, culture
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Action Potential
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ion channels open allowing positively charged sodium ions to enter the axon
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Afferent Neurons
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take information to the CNS
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autonomic division
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carries information from the CNS to the organs, blood vessels and glands
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frontal lobe
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goal-directed behavior; concentration; emotional control and temperament; voluntary mvmts; coordinates messages from other lobes; complex problem solving; involved in many aspects of personality
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Neurotransmitters
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Acetycholine--Arousal, attention, memory, motivation, movement
Dopamine--behaviors and emotions Serotonin--Regulation of sleep, dreaming, mood, eating, pain and aggressive behavior |
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All or None Law
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excitory or inhibitory messages of neurons
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Sympathetic Nervous system
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Sympathetic – “Fight or Flight” - relaxes bladder, stimulates ejaculation
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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relaxation - also stimulates erection
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Cerebellum
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regulates reflexes, balance, coordination
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Polarization
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More negative ions inside the neuron than outside which creates the small electrical charge
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Medulla
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regulates respiration, heart rate, blood pressure
--everything necessaary |
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Pons
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regulates sleep and wake cycle
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Reticular Formation
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regulates attention and alertness
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Thalamus
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major sensory relay center
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Hypothalamus
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influences emotion, motivation and governs stress reactions
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Limbic System
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primitive brain
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Hippocampus
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regulates formation of new memories
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Amygdala
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governs emotions related to self preservation
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parietal lobe
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recieves sensory information, visual and spatial abilities
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occipital lobe
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recieves and process visual information
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temporal lobe
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smell and hearing, balance and equilibrium, emotion and motivation, some language comprehension, complex visual processing, facial recognition
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absolute threshold
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least amount of energy that can be detected as stimulation 50% of the time
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rods
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high sensitivity to light, night vision, perception of brightness
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trichromats
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normal color vision
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gate control theory
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neurological gate in spinal cord controls the transmission of pain messages to the brain
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biosyhchosocial theory
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interaction of biological, psychological and cultural factors that influence the intensity and duration of pain
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walking consciousness
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state we spend the most time in and is marked by highly selective attention
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adenosine
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triggers sleep
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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recieves info about light cycles from the retina and releases neurotransmitters that control body temp, bp, metabolism, hormone levels and hunger
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circadiam rhythms
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bio rhythm with 24 hour solar cycle of light and dark
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psychoanalytic perspective on dream
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1. condensation--2 or morelatent thoughts are combined to make up 1 manifest dream image
2.displacement--instead of directing the emotion or desire toward the unintended person or object it is transferred onto a meaningless unrelates object 3.symbolism--where complex or vague concepts are converted into a dream image |
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unconditioned stimulus
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stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way
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unconditioned response
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response that takes place in an organism whenever an uncondited stimulus occurs
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conditioned stimulus
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originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone
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conditioned response
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after conditioning the response an organism produces when a conditioned stimulus is presented
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operant behavior
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designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasent
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Skinner
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-changes in behavior happen because of an individuals response to events in the environment
-the organism can emit responses instead of only eliciting response due to an external stimulus -reinforcement is key |
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contingencies
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reliable "if-then" relationship between 2 events such as the conditioned response and the unconditioned respose
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extinction
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a decrease in strength or frequency or stopping a learned response because of failure to continue pairing the US and CS or withholding of reinforcement
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Spontaneous recovery
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reappearence of an extinguished response after the passage of time without training
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stimulus generalization
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transfer of a learned response to a different but similiar stimuli
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response generalization
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giving a response that is somewhat different from the response originally learned to the stimulus
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memory encoding
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processing and combining of recieved information
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recency effect
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occurs because the last items that were presented are still contained the the STM and available for recall
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primacy effect
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reflects opportunity to rehearse the first few items in the list
-increases the likliehood it will be transferred to the LTM |
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middle effect
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presented too long ago for the STM
-for LTM too many items presented before and after allowing little rehersal time |
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rote rehersal
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repetitive
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elaborative rehearsal
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linking new info in the STM to familiar material in the LTM
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schemata
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mental representation
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episodic memoery
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personal experiences, recalling memorable "episodes"
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semantic memoery
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stores facts and generalized information
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decay theory
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memories deteriorate over time
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traumatic brain injury
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people cant remember what happened to them shortly before the injury
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dementia
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degenerative and genetic--diminished hippocampus
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interference
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determined by similarity of competing items
-retroactive--new info interferes with old -proactive--info already in memory interferes with new info |
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cognition
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refers to processes we use to acquire and apply information
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compensatory model
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rational decision making model in which choices are systematically evalutated on various criteria
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