Psychology Midterm 1

Front 1

Aphasia

Back 1

language disorder-has to do with language so usually on left hemisphere

Front 2

Brocca's Aphasia

Back 2

has trouble with production of language.

-can't speak well, but can fully comprehend

Front 3

Wernike's Aphasia

Back 3

fluent production but doesn't make sense

-comprehension is very poor

Front 4

Apraxia

Back 4

disconnection between language and movement

-cannot associate language with motor movements

-if they tell the person to say wave, they are able to
-if they motion them to wave, they are able to
-but if they tell them to wave they aren't able to

Front 5

Anosagnosia

Back 5

don't know they have impairment
ex: wernike's aphasia patients don't know that they have the aphasia, therefore they don't know that they're impaired.

Front 6

Propagnosia

Back 6

cannot recognize familiar faces

Front 7

visual agnosia

Back 7

perfect visual perception but don't know the meaning of what they see (no comprehension)

-ex: mistakes wife for a hat stand

Front 8

neglect syndrome

Back 8

another kind of agnosia

-damaged right parietal lobe
-ignores the left side

ex: dress right side only, not left side

Front 9

Name the 3 limbic systems

Back 9

septal

amygdala

hippocampus

Front 10

Septal

Back 10

controls pleasure and pain

Front 11

Amygdala

Back 11

engaged in emotions

Front 12

Hippocampus

Back 12

memory processing

-transfers short term memory -> long term memory

ex: H.M.-person who had most of hippocampus extracted and he has no long term memory since the surgery

Front 13

What are the structures of the neuron

Back 13

dendrite, cell body, axon, terminals, myelin sheath

Front 14

dendrite

Back 14

recieves information

Front 15

axon

Back 15

sends info from cell body to end

Front 16

myelin sheath

Back 16

speeds up transmission

Front 17

Is the transmission within a neuron electrical or chemical?

Back 17

electrical

Front 18

Is the transmission between a neuron electrical or chemical

Back 18

chemical

-releases vesicles containing information and receptors recept it--called neuro transmitters

Front 19

resting potential

Back 19

no firing

-polarized
-negative charged inside
positive charged on the outside

Front 20

action potential

Back 20

fires neuron, changes the charge

negative charge outside
positive charge inside

Front 21

threshold

Back 21

if it doesnt reach the threshold, then there's no firing

Front 22

All or None Law

Back 22

neurons either fire or not fire

Front 23

how is Intensity determined?

Back 23

-the number of neurons that are firing

-the rate of which the neurons are fired

Front 24

Explain the different ways you can get a reflex

Back 24

spatial summation-
-if you stimulate below the threshold in more than one spot that is close to each other

temporal summation-
-stimulate one spot below the threshold many times

Front 25

Graded Potential

Back 25

related to dendrites
-cumulative of the stimulation-> fire

-such summation can be spatial or temporal

Front 26

synapse structure

Back 26

it's between the neurons

one neuron releases info from vesicles to another

-Lock and Key Law- if receptors has the right shapes, then they can bind together

Front 27

DeCartes theory

Back 27

1) stimulation
2)excitation- stimulation makes neurons work
3)action-how we respond to stimulation

Front 28

Central Nervous System

Back 28

comprised of brain and spinal cord

Front 29

Temporal lobe

Back 29

audio

-has the primary audio cortex

Front 30

Occipital

Back 30

visual

-has the primary visual cortex

Front 31

Pareital

Back 31

sensory

has the somatic sensory strip on it

Front 32

Frontal

Back 32

personality, motor movement, planning

-primary motor cortex:has the motor strip on it

Front 33

Somatosensory

Back 33

M1
-the bigger the better- develope more if you use it more
-contralateral- right hemisphere of brain controls left side
left hemisphere controls right side

Front 34

Visual

Back 34

what we see on the right visual projected on the left hemisphere

left visual field is projected on the right hemisphere

contralateral

Front 35

Audio

Back 35

both:
contralateral

ipsilateral-can hear info from same side of body

Front 36

corpus callosum

Back 36

bridge and matter between the two hemisphere

Front 37

Acetylcholine

Back 37

Neurotransmitter

Function: enables muscle action, learneing, and memory

Front 38

Dopamine

Back 38

Neurotransmitter

Function: influences movement, learning, attention and emotion

Front 39

Seratonin

Back 39

Neurotransmitter

Function: Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

Front 40

Noepinephrine

Back 40

Neurotransmitter

Function: Helps control alertness and arousal and memory

Front 41

Neurons and the 3 classes of neurons

Back 41

-A cell that specializes in the transfer of information within the nervous system

Three Classes:
-Sensory-afferent
-Motor-efferent
-Interneurons

Front 42

Sensory Neurons

Back 42

Transmits information from sensory receptors to the brain

Afferent

Front 43

Motor Neurons

Back 43

Transmit command from the brain to the muscle and glands of the body

Efferent

Front 44

Interneurons

Back 44

Interconnect neurons

Front 45

Left Hemisphere functions

Back 45

dominant for language, logic and complex motor behavior

Front 46

Right Hemisphere functions

Back 46

non-linguistic functions including recognition of faces, places and sounds, and spatial reasoning

Front 47

Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

Back 47

-provides for flexible control of patterns of movement
-permits subtle discrimination among coplex sensory patterns
-Makes possible symbolic thinking
-symbolic thought is the foundation of human thought and language

Front 48

Functional Organization of Cortex

Back 48

-Primary areas
:Primary Audio Cortex
:Primary Visual Cortex
:Primary Motor cortex
:Primary Somatosensory cortex

-Association areas
:Brocca's area
:Wernike's area

Front 49

Motor Cortex

Back 49

Output

Lips and fingers have the most area

Front 50

Sensory Cortex

Back 50

Input

lips tongue and foot

Front 51

Medulla

Back 51

controls heart rate and respiration

Front 52

Cerebellum

Back 52

Coordinates smooth movements, balance and posture

Front 53

Pons

Back 53

Involved in the control of sleep

Front 54

Frontal Lobe Damage and Personality

Back 54

-Frontal lobes are involved in movement, attention, planning, memory, and personality

-Frontal lobe function in personality is evident in teh case of Phineas Gage

Front 55

Phineas Gage

Back 55

-suffered from frontal lobe damage after accident of a rod stuck through his head

-after damage he was childish and irreverent, could not control his impulses and could not effectively plan

Front 56

What are the three basic functions of the nervous system?

Back 56

Reception- input through the senses via receptors

Reaction- response through the muscles and/or glands

Transmission and Integration

Front 57

Name the Parts of the Neuron

Back 57

1. dendrites
2. cell body
3. nucleus
4. axon
5. nodes of ranvier
6. myelin sheaths
7. schwaan cells
8. axon terminals

Front 58

PET scan

Back 58

What kind of scan is this?

Front 59

Motivation

Back 59

a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal

Front 60

What are the different kinds of Motivation?

Back 60

1) Biological Motivation
2) Hunger
3) Sexual Motivation
4) Work

Front 61

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 61

controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands

two types:
Sympathetic-arousing
Parasympathetic- calming

Front 62

What does the Hypothalamus do?

Back 62

controls the autonomic system
sends out signals ofr sympathetic and parasympathetic

ie: sends out signals for food intake, temperature regulation, water balance, glucose receptors, threat receptors, pain receptors, sleep, sex

Front 63

What is the Somatic system?

Back 63

controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

Front 64

What kinds of things happens when the Sympathetic system is working?

Back 64

-pupils dilate
-inhibition of tear glands
-inhibition of salivation
-acceleration of heart action
-opens respiratory passages
-inhibits stomach contractions and digestive secretion
-inhibits intestinal peristalsis
-relaxes bladder
-inhibits erection

Front 65

What kinds of things happens when the Parasympathetic system is working?

Back 65

-constriction of pupil
-secretion of tears
-salvation
-slowing of the heart action
-constrictino of respiratory passages
-stomach contractin: secretion of digestive fluids
-intestinal peristalsis
-contraction of bladder
-erection

Front 66

Homeostasis

Back 66

- the state of internal equilibrium which organisms maintain

Claude Bernard first proposed that the body is always working towards homeostasis

Front 67

What influences Biological Motives?

Back 67

under the direction of the brain and involve the interaction of the brain and other systems in the body- the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system

Front 68

Endorphins

Back 68

a kind of analgesia

-relieves the body of pain when stress is over

-brain produces endorphins and gives it to itself

Front 69

Name the 3 biological rhythms

Back 69

annual cycles- migratory patterns of birds, hibernating cycles and human variation in sleep appetite and mood

28 days cycles- menstral cycle

24 hour cycles- circadian rhythms, sleeping and waking cycle

Front 70

What happens to the body temperature near dawn?

Back 70

temeprature starts to rise

Front 71

What happens to the body temperature near the middle of the day?

Back 71

temperature kind of dips but plateaus out

Front 72

What happens to the body temperature in the evening?

Back 72

temerpature starts to fall and growth hormones start

Front 73

What is the relationship between stage 4 sleep and REM sleep?

Back 73

As you sleep at night, there is increase in REM sleep and decrease in stage 4 sleep

Front 74

What is melatonin?

Back 74

a hormone that controls our 24 hour biological clock

-tells the nerves if it's day or night

Front 75

What happens if you have less REM sleep during that evening?

Back 75

You make up for it the next time you sleep and vice versa with stage 4 sleep

Front 76

Explain Negative Feedback

Back 76

the consequence that stops or reverses the action

ex: thermostat controlled furnace

when it gets too hot the air conditioner turns on, but when it gets too cold it just turns off.

Front 77

Positive Feedback

Back 77

the consequence that strengthens the action

Front 78

split brain operation

Back 78

the two hemispheres can't communicate with each other

ex: key is on the left visual field, ring is on the right visual field.

key is projected on the right hemisphere, ring is projected on the left hemisphere

if asked to pick something up with his left hand, he would pick up the key since the right side controls the right motor movements

If you to tell him what word he sees he will say ring because left hemisphere is dominant in language

Front 79

What does the liver influence?

Back 79

To eat or not to eat.

If glucose is converted to glycogen, then liver receptors says don't eat.

If glycogen is asking for more glucose then the liver receptors says EAT!

Front 80

What does the Pancreas have to do with eating?

Back 80

it secretes insulin when digesting

it secretes glucagon when fasting

Front 81

Name the two appetite hormones

Back 81

insulin and leptin

Front 82

What does insulin do?

Back 82

controls the glucose levels in blood

Front 83

what does leptin do?

Back 83

protein secretes by fat cells, raise rate of metabolism and decrease hunger

Front 84

What are the factors that influence weight

Back 84

basal metabolic, genetics, biological, behavioral, cultural factors

Front 85

What does Basal Metabolic rate have to do with weight?

Back 85

the rate of energy expenditure in maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest

Front 86

Explain the James-Lange theory

Back 86

first your aroused, and then you change into emotion

Front 87

Explain the Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 87

you are both aroused and emotion at the same time

Front 88

Explain the Schachter's Theory

Back 88

You are aroused and you have a cognitive thought such as "I'm scared" and then later it turns into emotion

Front 89

What are the three factors of Sexual motivation?

Back 89

Physiological readiness- this means if you are physically developed to copulate

Internal Stimuli- having a feeling for your significant other

External Stimuli-going out to dinner or something

Front 90

What role does estrogen play in Sex

Back 90

-women give off pheremone when ready to have sex
-estrogen levels are the highest when they are ready

Front 91

What role does testosterome in human females?

Back 91

women are most interested in sed when testosterome levels is highest

Front 92

What is Freud's theory about dreams?

Back 92

Dreams are a way to express forbidden desires

-also a way to disguise what's really going on underneath in the unconcious level

-a way to voice out their insecurities

Front 93

What does memory consolidation have to do with dreams?

Back 93

They make you review what happened through the day and process short term memory into long term memory.

If you are disturbed at REM sleep, you will be less likely to memorize the words given before you fell asleep.

Front 94

What are the two types of sleep?

Back 94

slow wave sleep and REM sleep

Front 95

What's slow wave sleep?

Back 95

There's four stages, stage one is less intense in waves than stage four
stage one-when he drops off to sleep
stage two- easy to wake up;shallow sleep stage
stage three- lasts only a couple of minutes-it's the transition stage
stage four- hard to wake up, deep sleep restoring body

once they pass stage one they cannot go back but they can repeat stages two through four.

Front 96

What's active sleep?

Back 96

Active sleep is when you dream. There is a level of conscious awareness in sleep.

Front 97

What is REM sleep?

Back 97

When you are in REM sleep your heartrate and respiration rate quickens and you are least sentivie to external stimulation. But if awakened then one leaps to attention instantly. They are physiologically activated and muscularly activated. There is uaully four to five REM periods throughout the night.

you dream during this stage

Front 98

Talk about Restoration in sleep?

Back 98

restoration happens the most during slow wave sleep

-during REM sleep neurons find connections to each other during developing state

Front 99

What happens if you are sleep deprived?

Back 99

REM rebound-If you are deprived in REM sleep, then the next time you sleep, you will make up for it and vice versa for stage 4

Front 100

What is achievement motivation?

Back 100

A desire for accomplishment. When you are self-motivated or are self-disciplined and is willing to spend the time to achieve goals.

Front 101

How does work affect us?

Back 101

Purposeful work enriches our lives. It is uplifting when working on an activity that uses our skills.

Front 102

What are the benefits of job satisfaction?

Back 102

When you are content with your job you feed your life satisfaction and you have less job stress. When you have less stress you have better health. There is also a greater productivity for the employer.

Front 103

What is ambiguity?

Back 103

It means something of doubtful interpretation.

Front 104

Talk about the development of babies from sounds to the number of images.

Back 104

Babies associate the number of sounds to the number of images.

Front 105

What is social behavior?

Back 105

It is a learned attachment that is formed in a period of life that is difficult to reverse.

ex. Ducklings follow the first shadow they see that is the closet resemblance to them. If there is no mother shadow, they follow the shadow of whatever there is.

Front 106

What are the main perspectives of psychology?

Back 106

Psychodynamic, behaviorism, cognitive theory, and evolutionary approach.

Front 107

What is psychodynamic theory?

Back 107

it states that personality differences are based on unconscious conflicts inside.

Front 108

What is behaviorism?

Back 108

It has to do with how one acts and expresses themselves with their attitudes.

Front 109

What is cognitive theory?

Back 109

a theory that tries to change some of hte patient's habitual modes of thinking about themselves, their situation or their future.

Front 110

What is evolutionary approach?

Back 110

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Front 111

What is the scientific method?

Back 111

Theories lead to hypothesis which lead to research observations which then generates or refines theories.

Front 112

What are the steps of the method?

Back 112

The purpose, how it is conducted, what is manipulated, and possible problems.

Front 113

What is statisical reasoning?

Back 113

Describing data, measuring the central tendency, measures variation, and making examples.

Front 114

what does the lateral hypothalamus do in relation to hunger?

Back 114

if stimulated, it causes you to eat

if lateral hypothalamus is damaged it causes you to stop eating

Front 115

What does the ventral medial hypothalamus do in relation to hunger?

Back 115

if stimulated causes you to stop eating

if the ventral medial hypothalamus is damaged, it causes you to keep eating