Psychology Midterm 1

Front 1

reliability

Back 1

consistency of a set of measurements used to describe a test

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work with families to help abnormal development

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child rearing (family) psychology

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all subjects are equally likely to be assigned to either group

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random assignment

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cognitive approach

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approach: the way we think affects the way we behave<br><br>behavior cannot explain behavior

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"biological psychology"

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"branch of psychology concerned with links between biology & behavior"

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variable (definition)

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a measureable event that can bring change and might affect behavior (psych definition)

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beginning of psychology (date) or age of field

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1879 or 131 years

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every member has an equal opportunity to be selected for an experiment

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random sample

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wilhem wundt (what did he study)?

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sensation, pereption, emotion, elements of consciousness.... he did it using introspection, the model of study was called structuralism

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descriptive statistics

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used to reveal patterns through the analysis of numerical data

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how much each individual score differs from the others in the normal distribution<br><br>uses the mean as a reference point for all scores

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standard deviation

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"study of evolution of behavior & the mind, using principles of natural selection... have to start with control questions"

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"evolutionary psychology"

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"monozygotic twins (identical)"

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"develop from a single fertilized egg"

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"split brain"

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"condition in which two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers, mainly those of corpus callosum between them, ie to fix epilepsy"

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"somatic nervous system (definition... what is it a division of?)"

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"division of PNS... voluntary control of skeletal muscle, and overlaps with autonomic nervous system

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descriptive/inferential statistics

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ways of describing data and applying findings to the general public

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research methodologies in psychology (4)

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experimental<br>naturalistic observation<br>surveys, interviews<br>case studies

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william james (what model and what was he interested in?)

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interested in adaptive significance of consciousness<br>model: functionalism<br>disagreed with Wilhelm Wundt<br>interested in why we are different

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"environment"

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"every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us"

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"excitatory neurotransmitter, can stimulate brain, not enough → death"

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"glutatmate"

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"long (what type of neurons have long axons?)"

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"neurons that send information tend to have __________ axons"

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"wernicke's area"

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"area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension & expression"

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"motor cortex"

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"area at rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements"

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"an aspect of personality that is innate rather than learned.... a persons characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity"

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"temperament"

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"amygdala (part of what system, what does it deal with?)

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"two almond shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system & are linked to emotion & fear"

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consistency of a set of measurements used to describe a test

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reliability

Front 27

mean<br>median<br>mode

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measures of central tendency

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surveys and interviews: disadvantages <br>

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limited amount of information<br>only people that would participate<br>wording of questions<br>leading<br>facial expressions<br>bias<br><br>(disadvantages of what?)

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"GABA (lack of will do what?)"

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"lack of this neurotransmitter may lead to seizures, tremors, and insomnia"

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"study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influencing on behavior"

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"behavior genetics"

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part of neuron where message turns from electrical to chemical"

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"axon terminal/terminal branches"

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"dreams"

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"sequence of images, emotions, & thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind, HALLUCINATORY imagery, DISCONTINUITIES, INCONGRUITIES, delusional acceptance of the content"

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structuralism (what was its flaw?)

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not reproducible due to individual variation

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"neurotransmitter/hormone that affects arousal, attension, fight-or-flight"

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"norepinephrine"

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"agonist"

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"something that mimics the activity of a chemical acting on a neuron receptor site"

Front 36

"REM sleep (definition + what is relaxed, what is active?)

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"recurring sleep stage, vivid dreams, “paradoxical sleep”, muscles are generally relaxed, but other systems are active" "most memorable dreaming occurs in this stage

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"sympathetic nervous system (definition + what is it a division of?)

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"division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses in the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations"

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"aphasia"

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"impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage, either to Broca's area or Wernicke's area"

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"reticular formation"

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"a nerve network in the brainstem that plays important role in controlling arousal"

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"motor neurons"

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"carry outgoing information from CNS to muscles & glands"

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"frontal lobes"

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"involved in speaking & muscle movements and in making plans & judgements"

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"stage 2 sleep"

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"spindles, brain entrainment, being woken is annoying during this stage of sleep"

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"biological rhythms"

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"periodic physiological fluctuations"

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"social learning theory"

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"theory that we learn social behavior by observing & imitating & by being rewarded or punished"

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"role"

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"a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to be have"

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"involved in speaking & muscle movements and in making plans & judgements"

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"frontal lobes"

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"branch of psychology concerned with links between biology & behavior"

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"biological psychology"

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the spread or difference in the normal distribution between highest and lowest score

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range

Front 49

experimental<br>naturalistic observation<br>surveys, interviews<br>case studies

Back 49

research methodologies in psychology (4)

Front 50

standard deviation

Back 50

how much each individual score differs from the others in the normal distribution<br><br>uses the mean as a reference point for all scores

Front 51

measures of central tendency

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mean<br>median<br>mode

Front 52

experimental method: disadvantages

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not real life<br>not always ethical or practical<br><br>(disadvantages of what method)

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the behavior expected to change in an experiement (not manipulated)<br>measured by researcher to see if it is affected

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dependent variable

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not real life<br>not always ethical or practical<br><br>(disadvantages of what method)

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experimental method: disadvantages

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our sensation and perception makes us who we are

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structuralism (definition)

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structuralism (who followed this model)?

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wilhem wundt (what model did he follow?)

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John B. Watson (what model and what was he interested in?)

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person: ??<br>model: behaviorism<br>interested in changing what you can see<br><br>systematic shift<br>only study observable behavior

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most often used research methodology in psychology

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experimental

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psychoanalytic approach (major idea)

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behavior is influenced by unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences (what model)<br><br>founded by Freud<br>case studies<br>theory of personality, development, mental illness & treatment

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piaget<br><br>

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person: described developmental change in mental processes using the cognitive approach

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behaviorism

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model: ??<br><br>all behaviors are the result of conditioning w/ reinforcement from external events (environment)<br> and can be observed and studied<br><br>reinforcement!

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the whole is greater than the sum of its parts (what does this refer to)

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gestalt psychology (explanatory quote)

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behavior is influenced by unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences (what model)<br><br>founded by Freud<br>case studies<br>theory of personality, development, mental illness & treatment

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psychoanalytic approach (major idea)

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integrates psychology into the workplace<br>in order to improve structure

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industrial psychology

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psychology (definition)

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the study of behavior and mental processes

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the study of behavior and mental processes

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psychology (definition)

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scientific psychology (2 categories)

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basic research<br>data collection

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basic research<br>data collection

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scientific psychology (2 categories)

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industrial psychology

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integrates psychology into the workplace<br>in order to improve structure

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law and criminal psychology

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integrates psychology with law... psychologist may determine competency and sanity for a trial, testify

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integrates psychology with law... psychologist may determine competency and sanity for a trial, testify

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law and criminal psychology

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educational psychology

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besides teaching, counseling, consulting, giving students direction

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besides teaching, counseling, consulting, giving students direction

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educational psychology

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child rearing (family) psychology

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work with families to help abnormal development

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model (in psychology)

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practice that defines an area of investigation<br>gives problems to be studied <br>or methods of research

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practice that defines an area of investigation<br>gives problems to be studied <br>or methods of research

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model (in psychology)

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systematic (in psychology)

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following the rules of science

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following the rules of science

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systematic (in psychology)

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rules of science

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has hypothesis<br>must be testable<br>must be replicable

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has hypothesis<br>must be testable<br>must be replicable

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rules of science

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are mental and physiological processes directly observable?

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no

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is behavior directly observable?

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yes

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wilhem wundt

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founder of scientific psychology<br>1st research lab in germany<br><br>began structuralism

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founder of scientific psychology<br>1st research lab in germany<br><br>started structuralism

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wilhem wundt

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wilhem wundt (what tool did he use to study)?

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introspection (who used it?)

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introspection (who used it?)

Back 86

wilhem wundt (what tool did he use to study)?

Front 87

sensation, pereption, emotion, elements of consciousness (who studied these?)

Back 87

wilhem wundt (what did he study)?

Front 88

wilhem wundt (what model did he follow?)

Back 88

structuralism (who followed this model)?

Front 89

structuralism (definition)

Back 89

our sensation and perception makes us who we are

Front 90

gestalt psychology (definition)

Back 90

idea that structuralism is wrong and the consciousness can not be explained by looking at the parts<br>structuralism has too much introspection

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idea that structuralism is wrong and the consciousness can not be explained by looking at the parts<br>structuralism has too much introspection

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gestalt psychology (definition)

Front 92

is gestalt psychology a model?

Back 92

no

Front 93

interested in adaptive significance of consciousness<br>model: functionalism<br>disagreed with Wilhelm Wundt<br>interested in why we are different

Back 93

william james (what model and what was he interested in?)

Front 94

person: ??<br>model: behaviorism<br>interested in changing what you can see<br><br>systematic shift<br>only study observable behavior

Back 94

John B. Watson (what model and what was he interested in?)

Front 95

model: ??<br>all behaviors are the result of conditioning w/ reinforcement from external events (environment)<br> and can be observed and studied<br><br>reinforcement!

Back 95

behaviorism

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biological approach (definition)

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view that biochemicial and neurological events govern what we do.. <br>our genes and physiology make us who we are

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view that biochemicial and neurological events govern what we do.. <br>our genes and physiology make us who we are

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biological approach (definition)

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model: reductionistic

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model that reduces people to the sum of their parts in order to study

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model that reduces people to the sum of their parts in order to study

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model: reductionistic

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is the biological approach reductionistic?

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yes

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approach: the way we think affects the way we behave<br><br>behavior cannot explain behavior

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cognitive approach

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person: described developmental change in mental processes using the cognitive approach

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piaget<br>

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hypothesis

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a tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables

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a tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables

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hypothesis

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is it possible to prove a hypothesis?

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no

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for an experiment who should the test sample represent?

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the population you want to generalize (apply) the results to

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random sample

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every member has an equal opportunity to be selected for an experiment

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representative sample

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sample with people who represent different subject variables proportionally

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sample with people who represent different subject variables proportionally

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representative sample

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sampling bias

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people are more or less likely to included in an experiment than others

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people are more or less likely to included in an experiment than others

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sampling bias

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experimental or controlled experiments have:

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controlled conditions to identify cause and effect relationships

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a measureable event that can bring change and might affect behavior (psych definition)

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variable (definition)

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independent variable

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manipulated by experimenter, what is thought to be responsible for behavior

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manipulated by experimenter, what is thought to be responsible for behavior

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independent variable

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dependent variable

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the behavior expected to change in an experiement (not manipulated)<br>measured by researcher to see if it is affected

Front 117

confounding variables

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get in the way of variables you are trying to measure<br>parenting<br>life events<br>genetics

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get in the way of variables you are trying to measure<br>parenting<br>life events<br>genetics

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confounding variables

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random assignment

Back 119

all subjects are equally likely to be assigned to either group

Front 120

A-B-A within subjects design

Back 120

each subject is experimental and control group<br><br>A is baseline measure<br>B is experiment or control<br>A is baseline and measure<br><br>switch and repeat

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each subject is experimental and control group<br><br>A is baseline measure<br>B is experiment or control<br>A is baseline and measure<br><br>switch and repeat

Back 121

A-B-A within subjects design

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subject bias

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because the experimenter is present the subjects do what they think the experimenter wants, not what they would do in real life

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because the experimenter is present the subjects do what they think the experimenter wants, not what they would do in real life

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subject bias

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naturalistic observation

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natural setting, systematic recording of data and observations

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natural setting, systematic recording of data and observations

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naturalistic observation

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observer bias

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experimenter sees what they want to see<br>subjective data collection

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experimenter sees what they want to see<br>subjective data collection

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observer bias

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self fulfilling prophecy

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creating what you were looking for (in the data)

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creating what you were looking for (in the data)

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self fulfilling prophecy

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surveys & interviews

Back 130

social psychology<br>large groups of people asked a series of questions, more depth, probing<br>questionnaires/survey, takes less time<br><br>these are types of ?

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social psychology<br>large groups of people asked a series of questions, more depth, probing<br>questionnaires/survey, takes less time<br><br>these are types of ?

Back 131

surveys & interviews (name major types)

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surveys and interviews are meant to show what?

Back 132

correlation between 2 variables

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limited amount of information<br>only people that would participate<br>wording of questions<br>leading<br>facial expressions<br>bias<br><br>(disadvantages of what?)

Back 133

surveys and interviews: disadvantage <br>

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case study (definition, when would you use it?)

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in depth focus on one subject<br><br>clinical psychology, mostly used in rare cases where there is not a large enough population to generate representative sample or control

Front 135

in depth focus on one subject<br><br>clinical psychology, mostly used in rare cases where there is not a large enough population to generate representative sample or control

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case study

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double blind experiment

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both subject and experimenter are unaware of experimental and control groups

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both subject and experimenter are unaware of experimental and control groups

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double blind experiment

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single blind

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the subject does not know what is being tested or what group they are in

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the subject does not know what is being tested or what group they are in

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single blind

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ways of describing data and applying findings to the general public

Back 140

descriptive and inferential statistics

Front 141

pearson r

Back 141

the most commonly used corellation coefficient in psychology<br><br>

Front 142

the most commonly used corellation coefficient in psychology<br><br>

Back 142

pearson r

Front 143

is it possible to have a 1.0 correlation coefficient?

Back 143

no

Front 144

normal distribution

Back 144

a bell curve that represents a theoretical population distribution<br><br>used in descriptive statistics

Front 145

descriptive statistics are only useful relative to all other scores within the study or the _______

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variability

Front 146

range

Back 146

the spread or difference in the normal distribution between highest and lowest score

Front 147

used to reveal patterns through the analysis of numerical data

Back 147

descriptive statistics

Front 148

inferential statistics

Back 148

used to draw conclusions and make predictions based on the analysis of numeric data<br><br>uses laws of probability

Front 149

used to draw conclusions and make predictions based on the analysis of numeric data<br><br>uses laws of probability

Back 149

inferential statistics

Front 150

statistically significant

Back 150

data is _________ if it is unlikely to have occured by chance, using the laws of probability, when p < 0.05 (5% probability)<br>

Front 151

data is _________ if it is unlikely to have occured by chance, using the laws of probability, when p < 0.05 (5% probability)<br>

Back 151

statistically significant

Front 152

validity

Back 152

measures whether the test or experiment is testing what it is supposed to test

Front 153

measures whether the test or experiment is testing what it is supposed to test

Back 153

validity

Front 154

"action potential"

Back 154

"a neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon"

Front 155

"antagonist"

Back 155

"blocks neurotransmitters by binding on a receptor site... do not provoke biological responses themselves"

Front 156

"autonomic nervous system"

Back 156

"part of peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs such as the heart"

Front 157

"axon terminal/terminal branches"

Back 157

"message turns from electrical to chemical"

Front 158

"brainstem"

Back 158

"oldest part and central core of the brain. beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. responsible for automatic survival functions"

Front 159

"broca's area"

Back 159

"area of left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech"

Front 160

"central nervous system"

Back 160

"brain and spinal cord"

Front 161

"cerebellum"

Back 161

"the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. it helps coordinate voluntary movement & balance"

Front 162

"cerebral cortex"

Back 162

"interconnected neural cells that cover the cerebral hemispheres. the bodies ultimate control & information processing center"

Front 163

"corpus callosum "

Back 163

"large band of neural fibers connects the two brain hemispheres,carries messages between"

Front 164

"CT scan (cat scan)"

Back 164

"series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body"

Front 165

"dendrite"

Back 165

"the bushy, branching, extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body"

Front 166

"electroencephalogram (EEG)"

Back 166

"amplified recording of the waves of electric activity that sweep across the brain's surface. waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp"

Front 167

"endocrine system"

Back 167

"the body's slow chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream"

Front 168

"endorphins"

Back 168

"chemicals made on-demand, the body's natural anti-pain chemical, linked to reward"

Front 169

"GABA"

Back 169

"an inhibitory neurotransmitter"

Front 170

"generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane"

Back 170

"action potential"

Front 171

"genitalia is present in the sensory cortex but not the __________"

Back 171

"genitalia is not present in the motor cortex, but is present in the _______"

Front 172

"glial cells"

Back 172

"cells in the nervous system that support and protect neurons"

Front 173

glutatmate... (definition, not enough of ->?)

Back 173

"excitatory neurotransmitter, can stimulate brain, not enough → death"

Front 174

"interneurons"

Back 174

"CNS neurons that internally communicate & intervene btw. the sensory inputs and motor outputs"

Front 175

"lack of this neurotransmitter may lead to seizures, tremors, and insomnia"

Back 175

"GABA (lack of will do what?)"

Front 176

"lack of this neurotransmitter will lead to depression"

Back 176

"serotonin (lack of will do what?)"

Front 177

"lack of this neurotransmitter/hormone will lead to mood disorders and attentional defecit"

Back 177

"norepinephrine"

Front 178

"lateralization of function"

Back 178

"right side controls left, left-> (in brain what is this called?)"

Front 179

"lesion"

Back 179

"naturally or experimentally caused tissue destruction in the brain, we all have it"

Front 180

"limbic system (what emotions associated with, what parts of brain?)

Back 180

"a doughnut shaped system of neural structures @ the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres. associated with emotions such as fear, aggression, & drives ie those for food and sex. includes hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus"

Front 181

"medulla"

Back 181

"base of brainstem, controls heartbeat & breathing"

Front 182

"more intelligent animals have increased _____________/____________ areas of the cortex"

Back 182

"increased uncommitted or association areas (are found more in what type of animals?)"

Front 183

"most of the metabolic energy in the brain is ___________"

Back 183

"inhibition in the brain uses most of the _____________"

Front 184

"MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)"

Back 184

"technique that uses magnetic fields & radiowaves to produce computer generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue. allows us to see structures within our brain. non-invasive"

Front 185

"myelin"

Back 185

"a layer of fatty cells, segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons, enable greater transmission speed of neural electrical signals"

Front 186

"nerves"

Back 186

"many axons bundled together"

Front 187

"neurons that send information tend to have __________ axons"

Back 187

"long (what type of neurons have long axons?)"

Front 188

"neurotransmitters"

Back 188

"travel across synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse"

Front 189

"norepinephrine"

Back 189

"neurotransmitter/hormone that affects arousal, attension, fight-or-flight"

Front 190

"occipital lobes"

Back 190

"lobe(s) that includes visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field"

Front 191

"parasympathetic nervous system"

Back 191

"division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy"

Front 192

"parietal lobes"

Back 192

"lobe(s) that includes sensory cortex"

Front 193

"part of the neuron with the most surface area"

Back 193

"dendrite (has the most ______? of a neuron)"

Front 194

"parts of motor/sensory cortex with large representation"

Back 194

"thumb, lips/face, hands/feet (largely represented in which parts of brain)"

Front 195

"peripheral nervous system"

Back 195

"sensory & motor neurons that connect connect CNS to the rest of the body, everything else, somatic information, heart rate, and digestion"

Front 196

"PET scan (positron emission tomography scan)"

Back 196

"visual display of brain (or body) activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task (uses radiotracer)"

Front 197

"plasticity"

Back 197

"the brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development"

Front 198

"reflex"

Back 198

"a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus"

Front 199

"sensory cortex (location, function)

Back 199

"area at front of the parietal lobes that registers & processes body sensations"

Front 200

"sensory neurons"

Back 200

"carry incoming information from sense receptors to CNS"

Front 201

"serotonin"

Back 201

"neurotransmitter that regulates mood"

Front 202

"synapse/synaptic gap/synaptic cleft"

Back 202

"junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. tiny gap at this junction is _____________"

Front 203

"temporal lobes"

Back 203

"lobe(s) that include auditory areas"

Front 204

"thalamus"

Back 204

"the brains sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brainstem. it directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex & transmits replies to the cerebellum & medulla"

Front 205

"the 1st way we take in information is _______"

Back 205

"fear (when does brain deal?)"

Front 206

"threshold"

Back 206

"level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse"

Front 207

"evolutionary psychology"

Back 207

"study of evolution of behavior & the mind, using principles of natural selection... have to start with control questions"

Front 208

"control questions"

Back 208

"things we know to be true"

Front 209

"behavior genetics"

Back 209

"study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influencing on behavior"

Front 210

"dizygotic twins (fraternal)"

Back 210

"develop from separate eggs, genetically no closer than brothers & sisters"

Front 211

"heritability"

Back 211

"the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes or biology alone... traits that are NOT ONLY INHERITED but EXPRESSED"

Front 212

"interaction (genetics)"

Back 212

"when a gene depends on influences from the environment or other genes"

Front 213

"gene expression is changed in twins because what?"

Back 213

"fight in utero, one is more aggressive and gets more resources, the other is submissive... results in changes in _____________________"

Front 214

"an enriched environment during early life may do what?"

Back 214

"neurons are stimulated early in life by what?"

Front 215

"culture"

Back 215

"the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next"

Front 216

"norm"

Back 216

"an understood rule for accepted & expected behavior"

Front 217

" attention deficit disorder has become more common, making it a ________"

Back 217

"cultural norm, norm"

Front 218

"personal space"

Back 218

"the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies"

Front 219

"memes"

Back 219

"self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person"

Front 220

"testosterone"

Back 220

"the most important of male sex hormones, both males and females have the same amount of this hormone, growth of male sex organs in fetus, development of sex chars. during puberty"

Front 221

"gender schema theory"

Back 221

"theory that children learn from their cultures, a concept of what it means to be male & female, & that they adjust their behavior accordingly"

Front 222

"consciousness"

Back 222

"our awareness of ourselves and our environments"

Front 223

"circadian rhythms"

Back 223

"the biological clock, regular bodily rhythms, such as wakefulness & body temperature that occur in a 24 hour cycle"

Front 224

"sleep"

Back 224

"periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness"

Front 225

"alpha waves"

Back 225

"slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain"

Front 226

"delta waves"

Back 226

"large, slow waves of deep sleep"

Front 227

"hallucinations"

Back 227

"false sensory experiences (dreams)"

Front 228

"stage 1 sleep"

Back 228

"drifting off... easily awakened....(what stage of sleep?)"

Front 229

"stage 3 sleep"

Back 229

"delta waves, hard to wake somebody in this stage of sleep.... slow brain waves, the beginning of deep sleep"

Front 230

"stage 4 sleep"

Back 230

"the deepest sleep, large brain waves, (delta waves) sleepwalking or bedwetting may occur here"

Front 231

"effects of sleep loss"

Back 231

"fatigue, impaired concentration, depressed immune system, greater vulnerability to accidents"

Front 232

"insomnia"

Back 232

"persistent problems falling or staying asleep, inability to go or stay asleep"

Front 233

"sleep apnea"

Back 233

"temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, momentary reawakenings"

Front 234

"night terrors"

Back 234

"terror without consciousness, NOT DREAMS, high arousal, appearance of being terrified, seldom remembered"

Front 235

"Sigmund Freud, what did he believe about dreams?"

Back 235

"wish fulfillment, discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings, manifest content is the remembered storyline, latent content is its underlying meaning"

Front 236

"manifest content"

Back 236

"the remembered storyline of our dreams"

Front 237

"latent content"

Back 237

"the underlying meaning of our dreams"

Front 238

" dreaming may be a form of periodic brain _________ and facilitate remembering _______"

Back 238

"stimulation.... memories"

Front 239

"REM rebound"

Back 239

"REM sleep increases following REM sleep depravation, our bodies require a specific amount of REM sleep"

Front 240

"area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension & expression"

Back 240

"wernicke's area"

Front 241

"level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse"

Back 241

"threshold"

Front 242

"fear (when does brain deal?)"

Back 242

"the 1st way we take in information is _______"

Front 243

"the brains sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brainstem. it directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex & transmits replies to the cerebellum & medulla"

Back 243

"thalamus"

Front 244

"the most important of male sex hormones, both males and females have the same amount of this hormone, growth of male sex organs in fetus, development of sex chars. during puberty"

Back 244

"testosterone"

Front 245

"lobe(s) that include auditory areas"

Back 245

"temporal lobes"

Front 246

"division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses in the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations"

Back 246

"sympathetic nervous system"

Front 247

"the deepest sleep, large brain waves, sleepwalking or bedwetting may occur here"

Back 247

"stage 4 sleep"

Front 248

"delta waves, hard to wake somebody in this stage of sleep.... slow brain waves, the beginning of deep sleep"

Back 248

"stage 3 sleep"

Front 249

"spindles, brain entrainment, being woken is annoying during this stage of sleep"

Back 249

"stage 2 sleep"

Front 250

"drifting off... easily awakened....(what stage of sleep?)"

Back 250

"stage 1 sleep"

Front 251

"condition in which two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers, mainly those of corpus callosum between them, ie to fix epilepsy"

Back 251

"split brain"

Front 252

"division of PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles, and overlaps with autonomic nervous system"

Back 252

"somatic nervous system"

Front 253

"theory that we learn social behavior by observing & imitating & by being rewarded or punished"

Back 253

"social learning theory"

Front 254

"periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness"

Back 254

"sleep"

Front 255

"temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, momentary reawakenings"

Back 255

"sleep apnea"

Front 256

"wish fulfillment, discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings, manifest content is the remembered storyline, latent content is its underlying meaning"

Back 256

"Sigmund Freud, what did he believe about dreams?"

Front 257

"neurotransmitter that regulates mood"

Back 257

"serotonin"

Front 258

"carry incoming information from sense receptors to CNS"

Back 258

"sensory neurons"

Front 259

"area at front of the parietal lobes that registers & processes body sensations"

Back 259

"sensory cortex"

Front 260

"a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to be have"

Back 260

"role"

Front 261

"a nerve network in the brainstem that plays important role in controlling arousal"

Back 261

"reticular formation"

Front 262

"recurring sleep stage, vivid dreams, “paradoxical sleep”, muscles are generally relaxed, but other systems are active"

Back 262

"REM sleep"

Front 263

"most memorable dreaming occurs in this stager"

Back 263

"REM sleep"

Front 264

"REM sleep increases following REM sleep depravation, our bodies require a specific amount of REM sleep"

Back 264

"REM rebound"

Front 265

"a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus"

Back 265

"reflex"

Front 266

"the brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development"

Back 266

"plasticity"

Front 267

"visual display of brain (or body) activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task (uses radiotracer)"

Back 267

"PET scan (positron emission tomography scan)"

Front 268

"the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies"

Back 268

"personal space"

Front 269

"sensory & motor neurons that connect connect CNS to the rest of the body, everything else, somatic information, heart rate, and digestion (what system is this???)"

Back 269

"peripheral nervous system"

Front 270

"thumb, lips/face, hands/feet (largely represented in which parts of brain)"

Back 270

"parts of motor/sensory cortex with large representation"

Front 271

"dendrite (has the most ______? of a neuron)"

Back 271

"part of the neuron with the most surface area"

Front 272

"lobe(s) that includes sensory cortex"

Back 272

"parietal lobes"

Front 273

"division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy"

Back 273

"parasympathetic nervous system"

Front 274

"lobe(s) that includes visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field"

Back 274

"occipital lobes"

Front 275

"an understood rule for accepted & expected behavior"

Back 275

"norm"

Front 276

"terror without consciousness, NOT DREAMS, high arousal, appearance of being terrified, seldom remembered"

Back 276

"night terrors"

Front 277

"travel across synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse"

Back 277

"neurotransmitters"

Front 278

"many axons bundled together"

Back 278

"nerves"

Front 279

"a layer of fatty cells, segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons, enable greater transmission speed of neural electrical signals"

Back 279

"myelin"

Front 280

"technique that uses magnetic fields & radiowaves to produce computer generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue. allows us to see structures within our brain. non-invasive"

Back 280

"MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)"

Front 281

"carry outgoing information from CNS to muscles & glands"

Back 281

"motor neurons"

Front 282

"area at rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements"

Back 282

"motor cortex"

Front 283

"inhibition in the brain uses most of the _____________"

Back 283

"most of the metabolic energy in the brain is ___________"

Front 284

"increased uncommitted or association areas (are found more in what type of animals?)"

Back 284

"more intelligent animals have increased _____________/____________ areas of the cortex"

Front 285

"develop from a single fertilized egg"

Back 285

"monozygotic twins (identical)"

Front 286

"self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person"

Back 286

"memes"

Front 287

"base of brainstem, controls heartbeat & breathing"

Back 287

"medulla"

Front 288

"the remembered storyline of our dreams"

Back 288

"manifest content"

Front 289

"a doughnut shaped system of neural structures @ the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres. associated with emotions such as fear, aggression, & drives ie those for food and sex. includes hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus"

Back 289

"limbic system"

Front 290

"naturally or experimentally caused tissue destruction in the brain, we all have it"

Back 290

"lesion"

Front 291

"right side controls left, left-> (in brain what is this called?)"

Back 291

"lateralization of function"

Front 292

"the underlying meaning of our dreams"

Back 292

"latent content"

Front 293

"serotonin (lack of will do what?)"

Back 293

"lack of this neurotransmitter will lead to depression"

Front 294

"CNS neurons that internally communicate & intervene btw. the sensory inputs and motor outputs"

Back 294

"interneurons"

Front 295

"when a gene depends on influences from the environment or other genes"

Back 295

"interaction (genetics)"

Front 296

"persistent problems falling or staying asleep, inability to go or stay asleep"

Back 296

"insomnia"

Front 297

"the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes or biology alone... traits that are NOT ONLY INHERITED but EXPRESSED"

Back 297

"heritability"

Front 298

"false sensory experiences (dreams)"

Back 298

"hallucinations"

Front 299

"cells in the nervous system that support and protect neurons"

Back 299

"glial cells"

Front 300

"genitalia is not present in the motor cortex, but is present in the _______"

Back 300

"genitalia is present in the sensory cortex but not the __________"

Front 301

"action potential"

Back 301

"generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane"

Front 302

"fight in utero, one is more aggressive and gets more resources, the other is submissive... results in changes in _____________________"

Back 302

"gene expression is changed in twins because what?"

Front 303

"theory that children learn from their cultures, a concept of what it means to be male & female, & that they adjust their behavior accordingly"

Back 303

"gender schema theory"

Front 304

"an inhibitory neurotransmitter"

Back 304

"GABA"

Front 305

"every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us"

Back 305

"environment"

Front 306

"chemicals made on-demand, the body's natural anti-pain chemical, linked to reward"

Back 306

"endorphins"

Front 307

"the body's slow chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream"

Back 307

"endocrine system"

Front 308

"amplified recording of the waves of electric activity that sweep across the brain's surface. waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp"

Back 308

"electroencephalogram (EEG)"

Front 309

"fatigue, impaired concentration, depressed immune system, greater vulnerability to accidents"

Back 309

"effects of sleep loss"

Front 310

"sequence of images, emotions, & thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind, HALLUCINATORY imagery, DISCONTINUITIES, INCONGRUITIES, delusional acceptance of the content"

Back 310

"dreams"

Front 311

"develop from separate eggs, genetically no closer than brothers & sisters"

Back 311

"dizygotic twins (fraternal)"

Front 312

"the bushy, branching, extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body"

Back 312

"dendrite"

Front 313

"large, slow waves of deep sleep"

Back 313

"delta waves"

Front 314

"the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people & transmitted from one generation to the next"

Back 314

"culture"

Front 315

"series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body"

Back 315

"CT scan (cat scan)"

Front 316

"large band of neural fibers connects the two brain hemispheres,carries messages between"

Back 316

"corpus callosum "

Front 317

"things we know to be true"

Back 317

"control questions"

Front 318

"our awareness of ourselves and our environments"

Back 318

"consciousness"

Front 319

"the biological clock, regular bodily rhythms, such as wakefulness & body temperature that occur in a 24 hour cycle"

Back 319

"circadian rhythms"

Front 320

"interconnected neural cells that cover the cerebral hemispheres. the bodies ultimate control & information processing center"

Back 320

"cerebral cortex"

Front 321

"the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. it helps coordinate voluntary movement & balance"

Back 321

"cerebellum"

Front 322

"brain and spinal cord"

Back 322

"central nervous system"

Front 323

"area of left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech"

Back 323

"broca's area"

Front 324

"oldest part and central core of the brain. beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. responsible for automatic survival functions"

Back 324

"brainstem"

Front 325

"periodic physiological fluctuations"

Back 325

"biological rhythms"

Front 326

"extension of a neuron ending in branching terminal fibers through which messages are sent to other neurons, muscles, or glands"

Back 326

"axon"

Front 327

"part of peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs such as the heart"

Back 327

"autonomic nervous system"

Front 328

"impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage, either to Broca's area or Wernicke's area"

Back 328

"aphasia"

Front 329

"blocks neurotransmitters by binding on a receptor site... do not provoke biological responses themselves"

Back 329

"antagonist"

Front 330

"neurons are stimulated early in life by what?"

Back 330

"an enriched environment during early life may do what?"

Front 331

"temperament"

Back 331

"an aspect of personality that is innate rather than learned.... a persons characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity"

Front 332

"two almond shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system & are linked to emotion & fear"

Back 332

"amygdala"

Front 333

"slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain"

Back 333

"alpha waves"

Front 334

"something that mimics the activity of a chemical acting on a neuron receptor site"

Back 334

"agonist"

Front 335

"a neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon"

Back 335

"action potential"

Front 336

aderall is a brand name drug psychostimulant, a type of _____________

Back 336

amphetamine

Front 337

alcohol (adverse effects)

Back 337

depression, memory loss, organ damage

Front 338

bottom-up processing does not rely on _______

Back 338

experience/learning

Front 339

caffeine (adverse effects)

Back 339

anxiety, irratibility, restlesness, headache, insomnia

Front 340

cocaine (adverse effects)

Back 340

cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

Front 341

difference threshold is also called __________

Back 341

just noticeable difference (JND)

Front 342

ecstacy (adverse effects)

Back 342

general and subjective alteration in consciousness, anxiety, heart attack, headache

Front 343

effects of barbituates

Back 343

reduce anxiety but impaire memory and judgement

Front 344

effects of cocaine depend on _______, ________, ________, _________, __________

Back 344

dosage, form of the drug, expectations, personality, and situation

Front 345

effects of stimulants

Back 345

speed up body functions

Front 346

heroin (adverse effects)

Back 346

depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal

Front 347

in psychology, drugs are classified by their ______________

Back 347

psychoactive properties

Front 348

marijuana (adverse effects)

Back 348

disrupted memory, lung damage from smoke

Front 349

methanphetamine (adverse effects)

Back 349

hyperactivity, restlessness, insomnia, death

Front 350

method of action of cocaine

Back 350

blocks reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine back into neuron

Front 351

nicotine (adverse effects)

Back 351

headaches, sleep disturbances, irritability, dizziness

Front 352

our eyes have more _____ than _______

Back 352

more rods than cones

Front 353

absolute threshold

Back 353

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Front 354

accomodation (vision definition)

Back 354

the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina

Front 355

according to signal detection theory, signal detection depends partly on persons: _____________ (4)

Back 355

experience, expectations, motivation, level of fatigue

Front 356

acuity

Back 356

the sharpness of vision

Front 357

additive color

Back 357

combining all color lights to produce white… shows that light is made of all color

Front 358

alcohol (short term effects)...(5)

Back 358

affects motor skills, judgement, and memory, reduces self awareness

Front 359

amphetamines (definition)

Back 359

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions & associated energy & mood changes

Front 360

audition

Back 360

the sense of hearing

Front 361

barbituates (definition, effects)

Back 361

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous sytem, reducing anxiety but impairing memory & judgement

Front 362

blind spot

Back 362

point @ which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a ___________, b/c there are no receptor cells located there

Front 363

bottom-up processing

Back 363

analysis that begins with the sense receptors & works up to the brains integration of sensory information

Front 364

coca leaves

Back 364

leaves from which cocaine is derived, it is chewed as a topical analgesic

Front 365

cochlea (describe structure, location, and purpose)

Back 365

coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound is tranduced

Front 366

Color Constancy

Back 366

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

Front 367

conduction hearing loss

Back 367

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Front 368

cones (definition, function, location)

Back 368

receptor cells near center of retina, show fine detail & color vision… used especially for daylight or well-lit conditions

Front 369

depressants (definition, examples)

Back 369

drugs that reduce neural activity: alcohol, barbituates, opiates

Front 370

difference threshold

Back 370

minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

Front 371

dissociation (mental process definition)

Back 371

a split in conciousness, allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously w/others

Front 372

ecstasy (definition, drug name, effects)

Back 372

stimulant and mild hallucinogen, dangerous short term & long term effects, MDMA, completely synthetic

Front 373

farsightedness

Back 373

condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near obje ts b/c the image of near objects is focused behind the retina

Front 374

feature detectors (definition, examples of features)

Back 374

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features: shape, angle, movement

Front 375

fovea (definition, what is it sensitive to?)

Back 375

central point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster, therefore it is more sensitive to color

Front 376

frequency (general definition)

Back 376

# of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Front 377

frequency theory (hearing definition)

Back 377

theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

Front 378

hallucinogens (definition)

Back 378

psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Front 379

hallucinogens (examples)

Back 379

LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), fungi (are examples of _________)

Front 380

hidden observer

Back 380

term that describes a hypnotized subjects awareness of experiences such as pain that go unreported during hypnosis

Front 381

hue

Back 381

dimension of color determined by wavelength of light

Front 382

hypnosis

Back 382

a social interation in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Front 383

inner ear contains _____,______,and _______

Back 383

innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and the vestibular sacs

Front 384

intensity (wave definition, determined by what wave property, correlates with what)

Back 384

amount of energy in a wave, determined by amplitude, given by brightness or loudness

Front 385

iris

Back 385

ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil & controls the size of the pupil opening

Front 386

kinesthesis

Back 386

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Front 387

lens

Back 387

transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on that area

Front 388

light or sound with big amplitude

Back 388

bright colors, loud sounds

Front 389

light or sound with long wavelength and low frequency

Back 389

reddish colors, low pitched sounds

Front 390

light or sound with short wavelength and high frequency

Back 390

bluish colors, high pitched sounds (have what wavelength and frequency?)

Front 391

light or sound with small amplitude

Back 391

dull colors, soft sounds

Front 392

LSD (definition, full name)

Back 392

lysergic acid diethylamide, a hallucinogenic, psychedelic drug, also known as acid

Front 393

Middle ear

Back 393

Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

Front 394

nearsightedness

Back 394

condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects b/c distant objects focus in front of retina

Front 395

opiates (definition)

Back 395

drug that depresses neural activity, temporarily lessening pain & anxiety, opium & its derivatives (morphine, heroin), highly addictive

Front 396

opponent process theory (vision definition)

Back 396

opposing retinal processes enable color vision

Front 397

optic nerve

Back 397

nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Front 398

parallel processing (definition, what might you process?)

Back 398

simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, motion, form, depth)

Front 399

perception

Back 399

the process of organizing & interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects & events

Front 400

physical dependence

Back 400

physiological need for a drug

Front 401

pitch

Back 401

a tone's highness or lowness... (perceived fundamental frequency)

Front 402

place theory (hearing definition)

Back 402

theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated (ie sound hits left ear first so it came from left)

Front 403

posthypnotic suggestion (definition, why may clinicians use it?)

Back 403

suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized, used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms

Front 404

psychoactive drug

Back 404

a chemical substance that alters perceptions & mood

Front 405

psychological dependence

Back 405

a psychological need to use a drug, for example, to relieve negative emotions

Front 406

psychophysics

Back 406

study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli & our psychological experience (perception) of them (ie light & brightness, sound & volume, pressure & weight, taste & sweetness)

Front 407

pupil

Back 407

adjustable opening in the center of the eye

Front 408

retina (definition, contains what?)

Back 408

the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods & cones plus layers of neurons that begin in the processing of visual information

Front 409

rods

Back 409

peripheral retina receptors, detect black, white, and gray… used especially in peripheral or twighlight conditions

Front 410

selective attention

Back 410

focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus…. we process information from one part of the environment and exclude info. from other parts….as in cocktail party effect, focus attention on a single talker among mix of conversations

Front 411

sensation (definition, is it quantifiable?)

Back 411

the process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energy, quantifiable

Front 412

sensory adaptation

Back 412

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Front 413

sensory interaction

Back 413

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

Front 414

signal detection theory (definition, what does it depend on?)

Back 414

a means to quantify the ability to discern between signal and noise....predicts how & when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise), assumes that there is no single abolute threshold, detection depends partly on person's experience, expectations, motivation, level of fatigue

Front 415

stimulants (deinition)

Back 415

drugs that excite neural activity

Front 416

stimulants (examples)

Back 416

cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines (examples of what)

Front 417

subliminal sensation

Back 417

a stimuli that is below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Front 418

subtractive color

Back 418

mixing paint will cause the mix to absorb or subtract more wavelength from what is reflected back to the eye

Front 419

taste sensations

Back 419

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Front 420

THC (definition, effects)

Back 420

major active ingredient in marijuana, variety of effects, mild hallucinations

Front 421

tolerance

Back 421

diminishing effect with regular use: more is required for the same effect

Front 422

top down processing (definition, what does it rely on?)

Back 422

information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations

Front 423

touch

Back 423

skin sensations: pressure, only skin sensation with identifiable receptors, warmth, cold, pain

Front 424

transduction (general definition, vision definiton)

Back 424

conversion of one form of energy to another…… in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses

Front 425

trichromatic (three color) theory

Back 425

theory that there are three different retinal color receptors (red, green, blue)… not completely true

Front 426

vestibular sense

Back 426

the sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance

Front 427

weber's law

Back 427

to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount): light intensity 8%, weight 2%, tone frequency 0.3%...... we rely on different senses

Front 428

withdrawal

Back 428

discomfort and distress that follow continued use

Front 429

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Back 429

absolute threshold

Front 430

the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina

Back 430

accomodation

Front 431

the sharpness of vision

Back 431

acuity

Front 432

combining all color lights to produce white… shows that light is made of all color

Back 432

additive color

Front 433

affects motor skills, judgement, and memory, reduces self awareness (what substance)

Back 433

alcohol (effects)

Front 434

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions & associated energy & mood changes (examples)

Back 434

amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine

Front 435

the sense of hearing

Back 435

audition

Front 436

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous sytem, reducing anxiety but impairing memory & judgement

Back 436

Depressants: alcohol, barbituates and (diazepenes do not need to know)

Front 437

point @ which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a ___________, b/c there are no receptor cells located there

Back 437

blind spot

Front 438

analysis that begins with the sense receptors & works up to the brains integration of sensory information

Back 438

bottum-up processing

Front 439

leaves from which cocaine is derived, it is chewed as a topical analgesic

Back 439

coca leaves

Front 440

coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which sound is tranduced

Back 440

cochlea

Front 441

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

Back 441

Color Constancy

Front 442

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Back 442

conduction hearing loss

Front 443

receptors near center of retina, show fine detail & color vision… used especially for daylight or well-lit conditions

Back 443

cones

Front 444

drugs that reduce neural activity: alcohol, barbituates, opiates

Back 444

depressants (definition, examples)

Front 445

minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

Back 445

difference threshold (just noticeable difference)

Front 446

a split in conciousness, allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously w/others

Back 446

dissociation

Front 447

stimulant and mild hallucinogen, dangerous short term & long term effects, MDMA, completely synthetic

Back 447

ecstasy (definition, drug name, effects)

Front 448

condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near obje ts b/c the image of near objects is focused behind the retina

Back 448

farsightedness

Front 449

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features: shape, angle, movement

Back 449

feature detectors (definition, examples of features)

Front 450

central point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster, therefore it is more sensitive to color

Back 450

fovea (definition, what is it sensitive to?)

Front 451

# of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

Back 451

frequency

Front 452

theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

Back 452

frequency theory

Front 453

psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Back 453

hallucinogens (definition)

Front 454

LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), fungi (are examples of _________)

Back 454

hallucinogens (examples)

Front 455

describing a hypnotized subjects awareness of experiences such as pain that go unreported during hypnosis

Back 455

hidden observer

Front 456

dimension of color determined by wavelength of light

Back 456

hue

Front 457

a social interation in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur

Back 457

hypnosis

Front 458

part of the ear that contains the cochlea, semicircular canals, and the vestibular sacs

Back 458

inner ear

Front 459

amount of energyin a wave, determined by amplitude, given by brightness or loudness

Back 459

intensity

Front 460

ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil & controls the size of the pupil opening

Back 460

iris

Front 461

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Back 461

kinesthesis

Front 462

transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on that area

Back 462

lens

Front 463

bright colors, loud sounds

Back 463

light or sound with big amplitude

Front 464

reddish colors, low pitched sounds

Back 464

light or sound with long wavelength and low frequency

Front 465

bluish colors, high pitched sounds (have what wavelength and frequency?)

Back 465

light or sound with short wavelength and high frequency

Front 466

dull colors, soft sounds

Back 466

light or sound with small amplitude

Front 467

lysergic acid diethylaminde, a powerful hallucinogenic drug, also known as acid

Back 467

LSD (definition, full name)

Front 468

Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

Back 468

Middle ear

Front 469

condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects b/c distant objects focus in front of retina

Back 469

nearsightedness

Front 470

group of drugs that depresse neural activity, temporarily lessening pain & anxiety, opium & its derivatives (morphine, heroin), highly addictive

Back 470

opiates (definition)

Front 471

opposing retinal processes enable color vision (what theory is this?)

Back 471

opponent process theory

Front 472

nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Back 472

optic nerve

Front 473

simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, motion, form, depth)

Back 473

parallel processing (definition, what might you process?)

Front 474

the process of organizing & interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects & events

Back 474

perception

Front 475

physiological need for a drug

Back 475

physical dependence

Front 476

a tone's highness or lowness... (perceived fundamental frequency)

Back 476

pitch

Front 477

theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated (ie sound hits left ear first so it came from left)

Back 477

place theory

Front 478

suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized, used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms

Back 478

posthypnotic suggestion

Front 479

a chemical substance that alters perceptions & mood

Back 479

psychoactive drug

Front 480

a psychological need to use a drug, for example, to relieve negative emotions

Back 480

psychological dependence

Front 481

study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli & our psychological experience of them (ie light & brightness, sound & volume, pressure & weight, taste & sweetness)

Back 481

psychophysics

Front 482

adjustable opening in the center of the eye

Back 482

pupil

Front 483

the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods & cones plus layers of neurons that begin in the processing of visual information

Back 483

retina

Front 484

peripheral retina receptors, detect black, white, and gray… used especially in peripheral or twighlight conditions

Back 484

rods

Front 485

focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus…. we process information from one part of the environment and exclude info. from other parts….as in cocktail party effect, focus attention on a single talker among mix of conversations

Back 485

selective attention

Front 486

the process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system receive & represent stimulus energy, quantifiable

Back 486

sensation

Front 487

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Back 487

sensory adaptation

Front 488

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

Back 488

sensory interaction

Front 489

predicts how & when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise), assumes that there is no single abolute threshold, detection depends partly on person's experience, expectations, motivation, level of fatigue

Back 489

signal detection theory

Front 490

drugs that excite neural activity

Back 490

stimulants (deinition)

Front 491

cocaine, nicotine, amphetamines (examples of what)

Back 491

stimulants (examples)

Front 492

when stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for sonscious awareness

Back 492

subliminal sensation threshold

Front 493

mixing paint will cause the mix to absorb or subtract more wavelength from what is reflected back to the eye

Back 493

subtractive color

Front 494

sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Back 494

taste sensations

Front 495

major active ingredient in marijuana, variety of effects, mild hallucinations

Back 495

THC (definition, effects)

Front 496

diminishing effect with regular use: more is required for the same effect

Back 496

tolerance

Front 497

information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations

Back 497

top down processing

Front 498

skin sensations: pressure, only skin sensation with identifiable receptors, warmth, cold, pain

Back 498

touch

Front 499

conversion of one form of energy to another…… in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses

Back 499

transduction (general definition, vision definiton)

Front 500

theory that there are three different retinal color receptors (red, green, blue)… not completely true

Back 500

trichromatic (three color) theory

Front 501

the sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance

Back 501

vestibular sense

Front 502

to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount): light intensity 8%, weight 2%, tone frequency 0.3%...... we rely on different senses

Back 502

weber's law

Front 503

discomfort and distress that follow continued use

Back 503

withdrawal

Front 504

in our eye, rods are in the ________, while cones are in the _________

Back 504

periphery, center

Front 505

only skin sensation with identifiable receptors

Back 505

pressure

Front 506

signal detection theory assumes that there is no ____________________

Back 506

single absolute threshold