Psychology: Learning

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Learning

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The process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organism's behaviour or capabilities

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Behaviourism

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HOW organisms learn.
(reward/punishment)

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Ethology

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Focuses on functions of behaviour and adaptive significance

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Personal Adaptation

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Occurs through laws of learning and results from interactions with immediate and past environments

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Species Adaptation

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Evolution of species to evolve and survive

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Habituation

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Decrease in a strength of a response to a repeated stimulus

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Classical Conditioning

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Learning to associate two stimuli such that one stimulus comes to produce a response from the organism. (Association)

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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

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Stimulus that produces an unconditioned response.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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A stimulus that gains value through learning.

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Unconditioned Response (UR)

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An unlearned response to an innately important stimulus.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

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A response elicited by a stimulus whose importance depends on past learning.

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Acquisition

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The period in which a response is being learned

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Extinction

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Repeated presentation of the CS without the US

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Spontaneous Recovery

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Recovery of the extinguished response after a rest period.

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Higher Order Conditioning

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Using the conditioned stimulus (CS) to condition ANOTHER neutral stimulus

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Flooding

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Expose a person to the CS without the US

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Conditioned Taste Aversion (CTA)

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Pairing a previously neutral stimulus with BAD feelings.

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Operant Conditioning

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Forming an association between voluntary response and outcome.

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Law of Effect

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A response followed by a "satisfying" consequence will become more likely to occur, and a response followed by an "unsatisfying" outcome will become less likely to occur.

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Operant Extinction

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Weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced.

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Positive Reinforcement

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Presentation of a stimulus that will result in an increases of the desired behaviour.

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Negative Reinforcement

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Removal of a stimulus that will result in an increase of the desired behaviour

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Positive Punishment

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Presentation of a stimulus that will result in a decrease of the unwanted behaviour

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Negative Punishment

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Removal of a stimulus that will result in a decrease of the unwanted behaviour

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Primary Reinforcer

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Stimulus that an organism naturally or biologically finds reinforcing

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Secondary Reinforcer

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Stimulus that an organism find reinforcing through association with primary reinforcers

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Generalization

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An operant response that occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation similar to one experienced during training

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Discrimination

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Being able to distinguish between antecedent stimulus and respond to one and not the other.

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Fixed Ratio

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Reinforcer given after a fixed number of responses.

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Variable Ratio

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Reinforcer given after a variable number of correct responses.

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Fixed Interval

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First response after a set time had elapsed.

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Variable Interval

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First response after an interval has elapsed

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Escape Conditioning

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Organisms learn to make a response to terminate an aversive situation

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Avoidance Conditioning

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Organism learns to avoid aversive situation.

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Amygdala

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Brain structure important for fear conditioning

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Latent Learning

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Learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to perform.

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Observational Learning

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Learning that occurs by watching a model.

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4 Steps of Observational Learning

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1. attention
2. retention
3. reproduction
4. motivation

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ABCs of Operant Conditioning

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A: antecedent: stimuli present before behaviour
B: behaviour: emitted by organism
C: consequence: occurs