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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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associatve learning/conditioning
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one event becomes linked with another because of an individual's past experience
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observation/modeling
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individual observes another's behavior and its consequences
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classical conditioning
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pavlov
type of learning in which a neutral event, or stimulus, is able to elicit a response originally elicited by another stimulus |
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components
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unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response conditioned stimulus conditioned response |
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acquisition
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whenever an organism has learned a response
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delay conditioning
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CS
UCS |
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trace conditioning
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CS
UCS |
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simultaneous conditioning
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CS
UCS |
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backward conditioning
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CS
UCS |
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extinction
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when the organism stops responding or decreases a response to the CS
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spontaneous recovery
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a learned response that has been extinguished reappears if the conditioned stimulus is presented after a passing of time
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stimulus generalization
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occurs when a learned response is made to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
LITTLE ALBERT Watson and Raynor |
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stimulus discrimination
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occurs when one conditioned stimulus continues to be paired with the UCS, but the other stimulus is not
more likely when other stimuli are very different from the original CS |
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overshadowing
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the more intense stimuli will overshadow the less intense stimuli
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higher-order conditioning
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a conditioned stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus for another neutral stimulus
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operant conditioning
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which the probability that an organism will emit a response is based on the consequences of that response
Thorndike and skinner |
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law of effect
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behavior followed by a pleasant consequence increases- whereas the occurrence of behavior followed by an unpleasant consequence decreases
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reinforcement
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a consequence following a response that increases the tendency of an organism to make that response
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primary reinforcer
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biological need
no prior learning |
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conditioned reinforcer
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depends on prior learning
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positive reinforcement
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pleasent consequences follow a desired behavior, and the tendency of an organism to repeat the behavior increases
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negative reinforcement
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aversive, unpleasant, events are taken away after performance of a desired behavior increases
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escape learning
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the organism learns a response that decreases or ends unpleasant situations
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avoidance learning
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organism learns a response to prevent unpleasant consequences from occurring
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continuous schedule
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reinforced after every desired response
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partial/intermittent schedule
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reinforced some of the time
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ratio
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reinforcement after a number of responses
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interval
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reinforcement after an amount of time has passed
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fixed
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reinforcement after a specific, set number of responses(ratio) or set amount of time (interval)
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variable schedule
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reinforcement after an average, or variable number of responses(ratio) or time (interval)
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fixed-ratio schedule
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a set amount of time
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variable-interval
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average, or variable, amount of time
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concurrent schedule
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2+ behaviors are reinforced
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matching law
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relative number of reinforcements for making that response
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punishment by application
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administering aversive consequences when an undesirable response is made
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punishment by withdrawal
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taking away pleasant circumstances when an undesirable response is made
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discriminative stimuli
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reinforcement if a certain response is made
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contiguity
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timing of an association is the necessary and sufficient component to learning
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contingency
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uncover expectancies or rules about what leads to classical for what follows a response
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observational learning
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a new behavior after watching others perform
-attention-focus on that behavior -retention-memorization -reproduction-mimicking -motivation-information useful |
