Psychology- Introduction To

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Define Psychology

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The Scientific study of usually human behavior and mental processes

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Biological/Physiological Psychologists

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Subfield- Biological factors underlying behavior. How genetics, brain, and hormones effect our behavior

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Developmental Psychologists

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Subfield- Explore the causes and effects of changes in behavior and mental processe over the life span. Study children's friendships, parenting styles and outcomes, and changes in our thinking ability

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Cognative/ Experimental Psychologists

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Subfield- Study the processes underlying perception, motivation, emotion, memory, problem solving, and other aspects of human thought

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Personality Psychologists

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Study the qualities that make people unique and explore relationships among personality characteristics, behavior, and mental processes.

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Clinical and Counseling Psychologists

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Subfield- Seek to understand the origins of behavior disorders and to help people deal with disorders.

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Social Psychologists

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Subfield- Focus on how people affect others' behavior and thinking. Study advertising, prejudice, and interpersonal attraction.

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Industrial-Organizational Psychologists

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Subfield- Are interested in factors affecting work productivity

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Quantitative Psychology

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Subfield- Take stats of other subfields and look at numbers to draw a conclusion on something.

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Other Subfields

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Engineering, Community, Health, Sport, Forensic, Enviornmental

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Linkages in Psychology

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Psychology research contributes to other disciplines such as neuroscience and uses theories from other disciplines to understand phenomena. Many psychologists are interested in several subfields, and may use more than one approach to study behavior and mental processes.

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Empiricism

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What we know about the world comes from experience and observation, not imagination or intuition (tabula rasa)

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Empirical Research

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Do experiments to study behavior and mental processes... ex. Eating with amnesia

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Structuralism

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Wundt wanted to study conciousness using scientific methods. Used introspection to document "quality" and "intensity" as elements of sensation. Titchener further identified "clarity" as a dimention

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Gestalt Psychologists

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Disagreed with Wundt's methods, and suggested analyzing the whole concious experience, not its elements.

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Psychoanalysis

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Freud developed a theory of personality based on the assumption that the unconscious could influence people's behavior

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Functionalism

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James investigated how consiousness works to help people adapt to their enviornments using sensations, ideas, and memories.

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Behaviorism

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Watson said that it was important to observe people's behavioral reaction to stiumli without making inferences about conciousness.

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Introspection

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"Looking Inward" used in Structuralism

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Clinical and Counseling Psychologists

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Subfield- Seek to understand the origins of behavior disorders and to help people deal with disorders.

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Social Psychologists

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Subfield- Focus on how people affect others' behavior and thinking. Study advertising, prejudice, and interpersonal attraction.

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Industrial-Organizational Psychologists

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Subfield- Are interested in factors affecting work productivity

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Quantitative Psychology

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Subfield- Take stats of other subfields and look at numbers to draw a conclusion on something.

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Other Subfields

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Engineering, Community, Health, Sport, Forensic, Enviornmental

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Functional Analysis

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How rewards and punishments shape, maintain, and change behavior

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Basic Assumptions that define the six approaches

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The factors that cause, maintain, and alter behavior and mental processes

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Biological

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Physiological factors determine beharvior and mental processes.

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Evolutionary

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Behavior results partly from evolution through natural selection.

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Psychodinamic

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Behavior reflects unconscious internal conflict between inherited instincts and society's behavioral rules.

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Behavioral

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Learning explains behavior.

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Cognitive

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Behavior is a result of information proceessing.

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Humanistic

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People choose how to behave based on their perceptions of the world in order to grow toward their unique potential.

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Eclectic

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Psychologists that use more than one approach

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The Influence of Culture on Behavior and Mental Processes

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creates general tendencies amoung the people living in them