Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
|
- Was the Viennese creator of a kind of popular science. He believed that the healing of physical ailments came frmo the manipulation of people's bodily fluids. He thought that "ANIMAL MAGNETISM" was responsible for his patients' recoveries. Mesmer's technique of MESMERISM began to be used by others under the general term hypnotism.
|
|
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
|
- Used ideas from physiology and philosophy to create a "science" later termed PHRENOLOGY.
- J. SPURZHEIM carried on Gall's work even though other scientists proved the theory incorrect. |
|
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1882)
|
- Was an independently wealthy Englishman who traveled extensively and studied various things for fun. As a result, he made important, but random, contributions to psychology.
- Galton was the first to use STATISTICS in psychology, and he created the CORRELATION COEFFICIENT. - Most notably, he wrote Hereditary Genius and used Darwinian principles to promote EUGENICS. |
|
Gustav Fechner (1801-1887)
|
- Is credited with the founding of experimental pscyhology because of his work Elements of PSYCHOPHYSICS.
- Fechner had carried out hte first systematic psychology experiment to result in mathematical conclusions. Previously, it was thought that the mind could not be studied empirically. |
|
Johannes Muller (1801-1858)
|
- Was a German physiologist at the University of Berlin.
- He wrote Elements of Physiology and posulated the existence of SPECIFIC NERVE ENERGIES - Wilhelm Wundt was a student of Muller. |
|
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
|
- Wrote Principles of Psychology and became the father of the psychology of adaptation
- He is the FOUNDER OF SOCIOLOGY - Spencer used principles from Lamarckian evolution, physiology, and associationism to understand people. He asserted that different species or races were elevated because of the greater number of associations that their brains could make. |
|
William James (1842-1910)
|
- Is often called the FATHER OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
- He was busy doing in America what Wundt was doing in Germany: combining the fields of physiology and philosophy into a new field. Though he was informally investigating psychological principles at Harvard University in the late 1870s, he did not officially have a lab or course dedicated to psychology until the 1880s. - James' Principles of Psychology inspired American psychology. He wrote about the mind's STREAM OF CONSIOUSNESS and about FUNCTIONALIST ideas that sharply contrasted with structuralist ideas of discrete consious elements. |
|
Wilhelm Wund (1832-1858)
|
- Is best known as the FOUNDER OF PSYCHOLOGY
- He founded the first official laboratory for psychology at the University of Leipzig in 1879 and began the first psychology journal in 1881. - He wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and created a complicated psychology that attempted to study and analyze consiousness. His ideas were the forerunners of Edward Titchener's. |
|
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)
|
-famous for color blindness
Was a natural scientist who studied sensation. Young Helmholtz Theory- trichromatic theory (red blue green) - Much of his work with hearing and color vision is the foundation for modern perception research. Place Resonance Theory- countered frequency theory of hearing- basiliar membrane vibrates at a certain place and creates a frequency/pitch - proven false |
|
Stanley Hall
|
-"father of developmental psychology"
- Was a studnet of James and received America's first Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard. - He coined the term ADOLESCENCE, started the American Journal of Psychology (1887) and founded the American Psychology Association (APA) |
|
John Dewey (1859-1952)
|
- Is recognized as one of America's most influential philosophers. He attempted to synthesize philosophy and psychology and is best known in psychology for his work on the REFLEX ARC. Dewey denied that animals respond to their environment through disjointed stimulus and response chains. He asserted instead that animals are constantly adapting to their environment rather than processing isolated stimuli. This work was the foundation for FUNCTIONALISM. Drawn from Darwinian ideas, functionalism examined the adaptive nature of the mind and body through observational methods.
|
|
Edward Titchener (1867-1927)
|
- Taught at Cornell University and was the founder of STRUCTURALISM.
- Structuralism focused on the analysis of human consiousness. Through introspection, lab assistants attempted to objectively describe the discrete sensations and contents of their minds. - He was an Englishman who studied with Wundt. His method dissolved after his death. |
|
James Cattell (1860-1944)
|
- Was an American who studied with Hall, Galton and Wundt.
- He opened psychology labs at the University of Pennsylvania and at Columbia. - He thought that psychology should be more scientific than Wundt did. |
|
Dorthea Lynde Dix
|
- Spearheaded the nineteenth-century movement to provide better care for the mentally ill through hospitalization.
|
|
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka
|
- Forged the school of Gestalt psycholgy.
|
|
Alfred Adler
|
- A colleague of Freud, eventually broke with Freud to create his own INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
- Asserted that people were largely motivated by INFERIORITY. - Created a four-type theory of personality: Choleric (dominant), phlegmatic (dependent), melancholic (withdrawn), and sanguine (healthy) creative self, style o life, fictional finalism (moviated by expectations of future than by past experiences) |
|
Carl Gustav Jung
|
- Founded ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
- Felt that Freud put too much emphasis on libido or sexual instinct. - Analytic psychology is best known for its metaphysical and mythological components, such as the collective unconscious and the unconscious archetypes. - Jung's autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections is standard required reading in undergraduate psychology |
|
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
|
- A swiss psychologist, is a significant figure in developmental psychology.
- His most important work concerned cognitive development in children. - Adaptation, assimiliation and accomodation - Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational - Piaget's three classic works are The Language and Thought of the Child, The Moral Judgment of the Child, and The Origins of Intelligence in Children |
|
Clark Hull (1884-1952)
|
- Secured a place for himself in the history of psychology with his mechanistic behavioral ideas.
- Explained motivation using math: Performance = Drive x Habit - Kenneth Spence later modified Hull's theory |
|
Edward Tolman (1886-1959)
|
- Was a behaviorist who uniquely valued both behavior and cognition.
- Asserted that rats in mazes formed COGNITIVE MAPS rather than blindly attempting various routes. - Created an EXPECTANCY-VALUE THEORY of motivation in which Performance = Expectation x Value |
|
Clinical Psychology
|
- Emerged after WWII
- People wanted treatment, in addition to information, from psychology |
|
Konrad Lorenz (1903-1992)
|
- Best known as the FOUNDER OF ETHOLOGY, was famous for his work with imprinting in ducklings.
- He also wrote On Agression- thought it was instinctual rather than learned releasing stimuli and fixed action patterns |
|
Carl Rogers
|
- Famous for his CLIENT-CENTERED THERPY
- In Rogerian therpy, the client (not patient) directs the course of therapy and receives unconditional positive regard from the therapist. |
|
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
|
- Was the leader of humanistic psychology
- Examined normal or optimal functioning as opposed to abnormal functioning. - Best known for his development of the HIERARCHY OF NEEDS, self actualization, peak experiences |
|
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
|
- Postulaetd eight stages of pscyhosocial development.
- Coined the term IDENTITY CRISIS in naming the key crisis in adolescence. |
|
Aaron Beck (1921-)
|
- Is the figure most associated with COGNITIVE therapeutic techniques. Problems arise from maladaptive ways of thinking about the world. Thus, cognitive therapy involves reformulating illogical cognitions rather than searching for a life-stress cause for these cognitions.
- Also wrote teh Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) which is widely used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms once a person has already been diagnosed. |
|
Norman Triplett
|
published 1st social psych experiment- effect of competition on performance (ppl perform better on easier tasks in a group than alone)
|
|
Fritz Heider
|
social psych; balance theory (if 0 ir 2 positive signs = unblanaced)
attribution theory- ppl will link emotions and intentions to almost anything, even shapes |
|
Leon Festinger
|
social psych; cognitive dissonance theory; social comparison theory (drawn to affiliate with others because of tendency to evaluate ourselves in relation to others)
|
|
Daryl Bem
|
social psych; self perception theory (counters cog dissonance); overjustification effect
|
|
Carl Hovland
|
social psych; persuasion model (communicator, communication, situation; sleeper effect
|
|
Petty & Cacioppo
|
social psych; elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (2 routes; central and peripheral)
|
|
William McGuire
|
social psych; analogy of inoculation against cultural truisms; 1st attacked truisms then presented refuted counterarguments
|
|
John Darley and Bibb Latane
|
social psychs; bystander intervention with Kitty Genovese event; social influence and diffusion of responsibility; pluralistic ignorance
|
|
Albert Bandura
|
social & learning psych; social learning theory; bobo doll experiment; learning thru modeling (observation) and reinforcement
|
|
Muzafer Sherif
|
social psych; conformity and autokinetic effect; Robber's Cave Experiment (in group/out group relations) groups come together for superordinate goals
|
|
Solomon Asch
|
social psych; conformity study with lines
|
|
Stanely Milgram
|
social psych; classic shock and obedience experiment; stimulus-overload theory -explains differences between city and country dwellers and how they attend to people
|
|
Clark & Clark
|
social psych; doll preference task; used to argue against school segregation in 1954 Brown v Board of Education
|
|
Theodore Newcomb
|
social psych; influence of group norms in college setting (conservatives became liberal due to liberal college setting)
|
|
Edward Hall
|
social psych; cultural norms and proxemics
|
|
Philip Zimbardo
|
social psych; prison simulation and deindividuation
|
|
Irving Janis
|
social psych; group think (loss of critical thought, strive for consensus, inhumane decisions, group polarization)
|
|
James Stoner
|
social psych; risky shift
|
|
Kurt Lewin
|
-Father of social psychology
-Field Theory social psych; boys and leadership styles (democratic, autocratic, laissez-faire) laissez-fair: less efficient,less organized and less satisfying than demo groups Autocratic: more hostile, more aggressive, and dependent on leader. Completed greater quantity of work than other groups Democratic: more satisying and more cohesive |
|
Eagly
|
suggested that gender differences in conformity where not due to gender but due to differential social roles
|
|
Zajonc
|
mere exposure effect and
social facilitation effect- presence of others will increase task performance IF it's mastered (performance of dominant responses increase while perform of nondominant acts deteriorate) |
|
R.C. Tyron
|
made maze bright and maze dull rats from selective breeding
|
|
Lev Vygotsky
|
developmental; zone of proximal development- child needs guidance to demonstrate new skills
|
|
John Bowlby
|
naturalistic study of children in institutions. Seperation anxiety
|
|
Mary Ainsworth
|
developmental; strange situation- insecure/avoidant attachment, secure attachment, or insecure/resistant attachment
|
|
Lawrence Kolberg
|
Moral Development
Heinz Dilemma Preconventional morality-punishment vs obedience Conventional phase of Morality- based on social/law rules Post-conventional morality- universal ethical principles Carol Gilligan criticized his moral development by focusing on males and neglecting females focus on caring and compassion (relationships and social responsibilities) |
|
Diane Baumrind
|
parenting styles; authoritatian, authoritative, permissive
|
|
George Allport
|
trait theorist; functional autonomy; distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches
cardinal, central, secondary traits |
|
Raymond Cattell
|
trait theorist; used factor analysis to study personality
16 bipolar source traits late became Big Five |
|
Sandra Bem
|
androgyny in masculinity and femininity
|
|
Dollard and Miller
|
behavorists who studied psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework. Approach-avoidance conflicts
|
|
Hans Eysenk
|
trait theorist; used factor analysis intorversion/extroversion stability/neuroticism
|
|
Karen Horney
|
psychodynamic; moving toward, against, and away from others
neurotic personality governed by 10 needs |
|
George Kelly
|
"individual as scientist"
ppl want to control their environment personal constructs (conscious ideas about self, others, situations) determine personality and behavior |
|
Anna Freud
|
founder of ego psychology
|
|
Object Relations
|
Melanie Klein, DW Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg
|
|
Martin Seligman
|
learned helplessness in depression
|
|
William Sheldon
|
somatotypes (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy)
|
|
Albert Ellis
|
cognitive behavior therapy- Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)- changing irrational beliefs into rational ones
|
|
David McClelland
|
trait psych; the need for achievement (nAch) - people with high nAch avoid high risks (avoid failure) and low risks (no achievement)
|
|
Herman Witkin
|
trait psych; field in/dependence with rod and frame test
|
|
Julian Rotter
|
personality psych; internal and external locus of control
|
|
David Rosenhan
|
did a study that scientists pretended to be insane and despite acting normal, dr.s thought their normal behavior was insane behavior - mental illness could be feigned and misdiagnosed
|
|
Thomas Szasz
|
wrote The Myth of Mental Illness
|
|
Ewald Hering
|
color perception; Opponent-process theory: against Young-Helmholtz theory; support for after images
opponent process theory seems to work in lateral geniculous |
|
E.L. Thorndike
|
law of effect- forerunning of operant conditioning
cats in boxes concept of instrumental learning |
|
Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess
|
development; longitudinal study based on temperament - easy, slow to warm up, difficult
|
|
Wolff
|
studied crying in newborns
|
|
Philippe Pinel
|
thought people in mental asylums should be treated with kindness and consideration
|
|
Pierre Flourens
|
first person to study functions of major sections of brain using extirpation/ablation
|
|
Sir Charles Sherrington
|
first inferred the existence of synapses. thought synaptic transmission was an electrical process (but its really a chemical process)
|
|
Walter Cannon
|
did first work of the autonomic nervous system.
-conceptualized homeostasis -fight or flight |
|
Heinrick Kluver & Paul Bucy
|
looked at aggression and lesions to the amygdala
bilateral removal of amygdala = Kluver-Bucy Syndrome = docile and hypersexual |
|
Olds & Milner
|
researched the septum- lesions = sham rage
|
|
Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga
|
studied effects of severing the corpus callosum
-split brain (epileptics) |
|
Nikolaas Tinbergen
|
-ethologist, continued Lorenz's work.
-releasing stimuli, supernormal sign stimulus -worked with naturalistic setting in sickleback fisha nd herring gull chicks |
|
Karl Von Frisch
|
ethologist
-studied honey bee's waggle dance |
|
Harry Harlow
|
researched development in rhesus monkeys
social isolation, contact comfort, learning to learn |
|
Joseph Wolpe
|
behavorist
developed systematic desensitiziation |
|
Seymour Epstein and WalterMischel
|
disagreed with trait/type theories- that behavior is stable across situations
They thought that the situation mattered consistency paradox - problems with labeling ppl as having 1 internal disposition |
|
Walter Mischel & Nancy Cantor
|
cognitive prototype approach
consistency of behavior is the result of cog processses rather than personality traits per se |
|
Kay Deaux
|
women's successes at sterotypical male tasks are often attributed to "luck" while men's successes are attributed to skill
women= lower self esteem than men |
|
Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
|
scrutinized studies of sex differences and found little diff
most consistently: females have greater verbal ability and males have greater spatial/visual ability |
|
Grant Dahlstrom
|
linked type A personality to heart disease and other problems
|
|
Henry Murray
|
developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) projective test
|
|
Hubel & Wiesel
|
cells in vision cortex so complex/specialized that some respond to only certain stimuli; vertical lines, horizontal lines, right angles etc
|
|
Eleanor Givson & Richad Walk
|
developed visual cliff; infants and babies stop
|
|
E.H. Weber
|
differential threshold aka JND - the minimum difference that occurs between 2 stimuli in order for them to perceived as different intensities
Weber's Law- applies to all senses but only to a limited range of intensities |
|
Deutsch
|
Prisoner's dilemma- study cooperation vs competition
|
|
Henry Landsberger
|
Hawthorne Effect- ppl perform diff when being watched
|
|
Newell and Simon
|
1st computer model of human problem solving
|
|
Matina Horner
|
women fear success due to being associated with rejection of others
|
|
Arnold Gesell
|
believed maturation (nature) NOT nurture/environment was primary in development
|
|
John Locke
|
tabula rasa
ppl are a blank slate waiting for nurture/environment to shape them |
|
LL Thurstone
|
identified 7 mental abilities
"eevee stone" |
|
George Spearman
|
intelligence tests
2 factors that affect performance general (g) - mainly responsible for score specific factor (s) - individual activities |
|
Paivio
|
Dual code hypothesis- concrete info is encoded into memory both visually and verbally while abstract info is encoded only verbally
concrete info is remembered more easily than abstract (elephant vs justice) |
|
Max Wetheimer
|
founder of gestalt psych
studied phi phonomenon |
|
Berko and Chomsky
|
cognitive linguists
both stressed innate process to drive language acquisition (LAD) |
|
SS Stevens
|
proposed power law as an alternative to Fencher's Psychophysical law
|
|
John Swets
|
developed signal detection theory
|
|
George Sperling
|
cognitive
sensory memory can hold 9 bits of info |
|
Wolgang Kohler
|
gestalt
Aha! experiences/ insight in chimps |
|
E. O. Wilson
|
father of sociobiology
social behaviors on fitness |