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110 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
- Was the Viennese creator of a kind of popular science. He believed that the healing of physical ailments came frmo the manipulation of people's bodily fluids. He thought that "ANIMAL MAGNETISM" was responsible for his patients' recoveries. Mesmer's technique of MESMERISM began to be used by others under the general term hypnotism.
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
- Used ideas from physiology and philosophy to create a "science" later termed PHRENOLOGY.
- J. SPURZHEIM carried on Gall's work even though other scientists proved the theory incorrect.
Sir Francis Galton (1822-1882)
- Was an independently wealthy Englishman who traveled extensively and studied various things for fun. As a result, he made important, but random, contributions to psychology.
- Galton was the first to use STATISTICS in psychology, and he created the CORRELATION COEFFICIENT.
- Most notably, he wrote Hereditary Genius and used Darwinian principles to promote EUGENICS.
Gustav Fechner (1801-1887)
- Is credited with the founding of experimental pscyhology because of his work Elements of PSYCHOPHYSICS.
- Fechner had carried out hte first systematic psychology experiment to result in mathematical conclusions. Previously, it was thought that the mind could not be studied empirically.
Johannes Muller (1801-1858)
- Was a German physiologist at the University of Berlin.
- He wrote Elements of Physiology and posulated the existence of SPECIFIC NERVE ENERGIES
- Wilhelm Wundt was a student of Muller.
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
- Wrote Principles of Psychology and became the father of the psychology of adaptation
- He is the FOUNDER OF SOCIOLOGY
- Spencer used principles from Lamarckian evolution, physiology, and associationism to understand people. He asserted that different species or races were elevated because of the greater number of associations that their brains could make.
William James (1842-1910)
- Is often called the FATHER OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
- He was busy doing in America what Wundt was doing in Germany: combining the fields of physiology and philosophy into a new field. Though he was informally investigating psychological principles at Harvard University in the late 1870s, he did not officially have a lab or course dedicated to psychology until the 1880s.
- James' Principles of Psychology inspired American psychology. He wrote about the mind's STREAM OF CONSIOUSNESS and about FUNCTIONALIST ideas that sharply contrasted with structuralist ideas of discrete consious elements.
Wilhelm Wund (1832-1858)
- Is best known as the FOUNDER OF PSYCHOLOGY
- He founded the first official laboratory for psychology at the University of Leipzig in 1879 and began the first psychology journal in 1881.
- He wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and created a complicated psychology that attempted to study and analyze consiousness. His ideas were the forerunners of Edward Titchener's.
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)
-famous for color blindness
Was a natural scientist who studied sensation.
Young Helmholtz Theory- trichromatic theory (red blue green)
- Much of his work with hearing and color vision is the foundation for modern perception research.
Place Resonance Theory- countered frequency theory of hearing- basiliar membrane vibrates at a certain place and creates a frequency/pitch - proven false
Stanley Hall
-"father of developmental psychology"
- Was a studnet of James and received America's first Ph.D. in psychology from Harvard.
- He coined the term ADOLESCENCE, started the American Journal of Psychology (1887) and founded the American Psychology Association (APA)
John Dewey (1859-1952)
- Is recognized as one of America's most influential philosophers. He attempted to synthesize philosophy and psychology and is best known in psychology for his work on the REFLEX ARC. Dewey denied that animals respond to their environment through disjointed stimulus and response chains. He asserted instead that animals are constantly adapting to their environment rather than processing isolated stimuli. This work was the foundation for FUNCTIONALISM. Drawn from Darwinian ideas, functionalism examined the adaptive nature of the mind and body through observational methods.
Edward Titchener (1867-1927)
- Taught at Cornell University and was the founder of STRUCTURALISM.
- Structuralism focused on the analysis of human consiousness. Through introspection, lab assistants attempted to objectively describe the discrete sensations and contents of their minds.
- He was an Englishman who studied with Wundt. His method dissolved after his death.
James Cattell (1860-1944)
- Was an American who studied with Hall, Galton and Wundt.
- He opened psychology labs at the University of Pennsylvania and at Columbia.
- He thought that psychology should be more scientific than Wundt did.
Dorthea Lynde Dix
- Spearheaded the nineteenth-century movement to provide better care for the mentally ill through hospitalization.
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka
- Forged the school of Gestalt psycholgy.
Alfred Adler
- A colleague of Freud, eventually broke with Freud to create his own INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
- Asserted that people were largely motivated by INFERIORITY.
- Created a four-type theory of personality: Choleric (dominant), phlegmatic (dependent), melancholic (withdrawn), and sanguine (healthy)
creative self, style o life, fictional finalism (moviated by expectations of future than by past experiences)
Carl Gustav Jung
- Founded ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
- Felt that Freud put too much emphasis on libido or sexual instinct.
- Analytic psychology is best known for its metaphysical and mythological components, such as the collective unconscious and the unconscious archetypes.
- Jung's autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections is standard required reading in undergraduate psychology
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
- A swiss psychologist, is a significant figure in developmental psychology.
- His most important work concerned cognitive development in children.
- Adaptation, assimiliation and accomodation
- Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
- Piaget's three classic works are The Language and Thought of the Child, The Moral Judgment of the Child, and The Origins of Intelligence in Children
Clark Hull (1884-1952)
- Secured a place for himself in the history of psychology with his mechanistic behavioral ideas.
- Explained motivation using math: Performance = Drive x Habit
- Kenneth Spence later modified Hull's theory
Edward Tolman (1886-1959)
- Was a behaviorist who uniquely valued both behavior and cognition.
- Asserted that rats in mazes formed COGNITIVE MAPS rather than blindly attempting various routes.
- Created an EXPECTANCY-VALUE THEORY of motivation in which Performance = Expectation x Value
Clinical Psychology
- Emerged after WWII
- People wanted treatment, in addition to information, from psychology
Konrad Lorenz (1903-1992)
- Best known as the FOUNDER OF ETHOLOGY, was famous for his work with imprinting in ducklings.
- He also wrote On Agression- thought it was instinctual rather than learned
releasing stimuli and fixed action patterns
Carl Rogers
- Famous for his CLIENT-CENTERED THERPY
- In Rogerian therpy, the client (not patient) directs the course of therapy and receives unconditional positive regard from the therapist.
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
- Was the leader of humanistic psychology
- Examined normal or optimal functioning as opposed to abnormal functioning.
- Best known for his development of the HIERARCHY OF NEEDS, self actualization, peak experiences
Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
- Postulaetd eight stages of pscyhosocial development.
- Coined the term IDENTITY CRISIS in naming the key crisis in adolescence.
Aaron Beck (1921-)
- Is the figure most associated with COGNITIVE therapeutic techniques. Problems arise from maladaptive ways of thinking about the world. Thus, cognitive therapy involves reformulating illogical cognitions rather than searching for a life-stress cause for these cognitions.
- Also wrote teh Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) which is widely used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms once a person has already been diagnosed.
Norman Triplett
published 1st social psych experiment- effect of competition on performance (ppl perform better on easier tasks in a group than alone)
Fritz Heider
social psych; balance theory (if 0 ir 2 positive signs = unblanaced)
attribution theory- ppl will link emotions and intentions to almost anything, even shapes
Leon Festinger
social psych; cognitive dissonance theory; social comparison theory (drawn to affiliate with others because of tendency to evaluate ourselves in relation to others)
Daryl Bem
social psych; self perception theory (counters cog dissonance); overjustification effect
Carl Hovland
social psych; persuasion model (communicator, communication, situation; sleeper effect
Petty & Cacioppo
social psych; elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (2 routes; central and peripheral)
William McGuire
social psych; analogy of inoculation against cultural truisms; 1st attacked truisms then presented refuted counterarguments
John Darley and Bibb Latane
social psychs; bystander intervention with Kitty Genovese event; social influence and diffusion of responsibility; pluralistic ignorance
Albert Bandura
social & learning psych; social learning theory; bobo doll experiment; learning thru modeling (observation) and reinforcement
Muzafer Sherif
social psych; conformity and autokinetic effect; Robber's Cave Experiment (in group/out group relations) groups come together for superordinate goals
Solomon Asch
social psych; conformity study with lines
Stanely Milgram
social psych; classic shock and obedience experiment; stimulus-overload theory -explains differences between city and country dwellers and how they attend to people
Clark & Clark
social psych; doll preference task; used to argue against school segregation in 1954 Brown v Board of Education
Theodore Newcomb
social psych; influence of group norms in college setting (conservatives became liberal due to liberal college setting)
Edward Hall
social psych; cultural norms and proxemics
Philip Zimbardo
social psych; prison simulation and deindividuation
Irving Janis
social psych; group think (loss of critical thought, strive for consensus, inhumane decisions, group polarization)
James Stoner
social psych; risky shift
Kurt Lewin
-Father of social psychology
-Field Theory
social psych; boys and leadership styles (democratic, autocratic, laissez-faire)
laissez-fair: less efficient,less organized and less satisfying than demo groups
Autocratic: more hostile, more aggressive, and dependent on leader. Completed greater quantity of work than other groups
Democratic: more satisying and more cohesive
Eagly
suggested that gender differences in conformity where not due to gender but due to differential social roles
Zajonc
mere exposure effect and
social facilitation effect- presence of others will increase task performance IF it's mastered (performance of dominant responses increase while perform of nondominant acts deteriorate)
R.C. Tyron
made maze bright and maze dull rats from selective breeding
Lev Vygotsky
developmental; zone of proximal development- child needs guidance to demonstrate new skills
John Bowlby
naturalistic study of children in institutions. Seperation anxiety
Mary Ainsworth
developmental; strange situation- insecure/avoidant attachment, secure attachment, or insecure/resistant attachment
Lawrence Kolberg
Moral Development
Heinz Dilemma
Preconventional morality-punishment vs obedience
Conventional phase of Morality- based on social/law rules
Post-conventional morality- universal ethical principles
Carol Gilligan criticized his moral development by focusing on males and neglecting females focus on caring and compassion (relationships and social responsibilities)
Diane Baumrind
parenting styles; authoritatian, authoritative, permissive
George Allport
trait theorist; functional autonomy; distinguished between idiographic and nomothetic approaches
cardinal, central, secondary traits
Raymond Cattell
trait theorist; used factor analysis to study personality
16 bipolar source traits late became Big Five
Sandra Bem
androgyny in masculinity and femininity
Dollard and Miller
behavorists who studied psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework. Approach-avoidance conflicts
Hans Eysenk
trait theorist; used factor analysis intorversion/extroversion stability/neuroticism
Karen Horney
psychodynamic; moving toward, against, and away from others
neurotic personality governed by 10 needs
George Kelly
"individual as scientist"
ppl want to control their environment
personal constructs (conscious ideas about self, others, situations) determine personality and behavior
Anna Freud
founder of ego psychology
Object Relations
Melanie Klein, DW Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg
Martin Seligman
learned helplessness in depression
William Sheldon
somatotypes (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy)
Albert Ellis
cognitive behavior therapy- Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)- changing irrational beliefs into rational ones
David McClelland
trait psych; the need for achievement (nAch) - people with high nAch avoid high risks (avoid failure) and low risks (no achievement)
Herman Witkin
trait psych; field in/dependence with rod and frame test
Julian Rotter
personality psych; internal and external locus of control
David Rosenhan
did a study that scientists pretended to be insane and despite acting normal, dr.s thought their normal behavior was insane behavior - mental illness could be feigned and misdiagnosed
Thomas Szasz
wrote The Myth of Mental Illness
Ewald Hering
color perception; Opponent-process theory: against Young-Helmholtz theory; support for after images
opponent process theory seems to work in lateral geniculous
E.L. Thorndike
law of effect- forerunning of operant conditioning
cats in boxes
concept of instrumental learning
Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess
development; longitudinal study based on temperament - easy, slow to warm up, difficult
Wolff
studied crying in newborns
Philippe Pinel
thought people in mental asylums should be treated with kindness and consideration
Pierre Flourens
first person to study functions of major sections of brain using extirpation/ablation
Sir Charles Sherrington
first inferred the existence of synapses. thought synaptic transmission was an electrical process (but its really a chemical process)
Walter Cannon
did first work of the autonomic nervous system.
-conceptualized homeostasis
-fight or flight
Heinrick Kluver & Paul Bucy
looked at aggression and lesions to the amygdala
bilateral removal of amygdala = Kluver-Bucy Syndrome = docile and hypersexual
Olds & Milner
researched the septum- lesions = sham rage
Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga
studied effects of severing the corpus callosum
-split brain (epileptics)
Nikolaas Tinbergen
-ethologist, continued Lorenz's work.
-releasing stimuli, supernormal sign stimulus
-worked with naturalistic setting in sickleback fisha nd herring gull chicks
Karl Von Frisch
ethologist
-studied honey bee's waggle dance
Harry Harlow
researched development in rhesus monkeys
social isolation, contact comfort, learning to learn
Joseph Wolpe
behavorist
developed systematic desensitiziation
Seymour Epstein and WalterMischel
disagreed with trait/type theories- that behavior is stable across situations
They thought that the situation mattered
consistency paradox - problems with labeling ppl as having 1 internal disposition
Walter Mischel & Nancy Cantor
cognitive prototype approach
consistency of behavior is the result of cog processses rather than personality traits per se
Kay Deaux
women's successes at sterotypical male tasks are often attributed to "luck" while men's successes are attributed to skill
women= lower self esteem than men
Elanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
scrutinized studies of sex differences and found little diff
most consistently: females have greater verbal ability and males have greater spatial/visual ability
Grant Dahlstrom
linked type A personality to heart disease and other problems
Henry Murray
developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) projective test
Hubel & Wiesel
cells in vision cortex so complex/specialized that some respond to only certain stimuli; vertical lines, horizontal lines, right angles etc
Eleanor Givson & Richad Walk
developed visual cliff; infants and babies stop
E.H. Weber
differential threshold aka JND - the minimum difference that occurs between 2 stimuli in order for them to perceived as different intensities
Weber's Law- applies to all senses but only to a limited range of intensities
Deutsch
Prisoner's dilemma- study cooperation vs competition
Henry Landsberger
Hawthorne Effect- ppl perform diff when being watched
Newell and Simon
1st computer model of human problem solving
Matina Horner
women fear success due to being associated with rejection of others
Arnold Gesell
believed maturation (nature) NOT nurture/environment was primary in development
John Locke
tabula rasa
ppl are a blank slate waiting for nurture/environment to shape them
LL Thurstone
identified 7 mental abilities
"eevee stone"
George Spearman
intelligence tests
2 factors that affect performance
general (g) - mainly responsible for score
specific factor (s) - individual activities
Paivio
Dual code hypothesis- concrete info is encoded into memory both visually and verbally while abstract info is encoded only verbally
concrete info is remembered more easily than abstract (elephant vs justice)
Max Wetheimer
founder of gestalt psych
studied phi phonomenon
Berko and Chomsky
cognitive linguists
both stressed innate process to drive language acquisition (LAD)
SS Stevens
proposed power law as an alternative to Fencher's Psychophysical law
John Swets
developed signal detection theory
George Sperling
cognitive
sensory memory can hold 9 bits of info
Wolgang Kohler
gestalt
Aha! experiences/ insight in chimps
E. O. Wilson
father of sociobiology
social behaviors on fitness