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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Factitious Disorder
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> Intentionally faking or exaggerating symptoms of illness but NOT for any kind of financial gain
> Types: – Imposed on self – Imposed on others |
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Factor Analysis
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> A type of statistical procedure that is conducted to identify clusters or groups of related items (called factors) on a test.
> For example, when you take a multiple choice Introductory Psychology test, a factor analysis can be done to see what types of questions you did best on and worst on (maybe they did best on factual types of questions but really poorly on conceptual types of questions). |
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Family therapy
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> Klein, Bowen, Minuchin, Batson
> treats the family as an interactive system rather than treating an individual > seeks to restructure the interactive patterns within the system |
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Feeding and eating disorders
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> Feeding disorders of childhood are now included > anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorders |
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Fetal stage of prenatal development
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> 8 weeks-birth > body systems and organs of the fetus that were formed and differentiated during the preceding embryonic stage have the opportunity to grow |
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Fissure
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> Big sulci
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Fixed action pattern
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> instinct
> an example is imprinting |
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Flashbulb memory
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Memory may be better for some emotionally charged events
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Flooding
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> Stampfil
> floods the person with feared object or idea |
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Fluid intelligence
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> Involves being able to think and reason abstractly and solve problems.
> This ability is considered independent of learning, experience, and education. > Fluid intelligence tends to decline during late adulthood. > Examples: solving puzzles and coming up with problem–solving strategies. |
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Flynn Effect
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> Raw IQ scores are getting higher on average all the time
> About 3 points every 10 years |
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Foot in the door
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> Freedman and Fraser
> Drive to homes, show large unattractive DRIVE CAREFULLY sign, will you place on lawn? Less than 20% say yes > when you ask them to sign a petition to reduce traffic accidents first and then go for the sign, it goes up to 50% say yes |
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Forced Compliance Dissonance
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> Occurs when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his or her beliefs or attitudes.
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Forgetting Curve
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> Ebbinghaus
> The curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it > Initially, information is often lost very quickly after it is learned. At a certain point, the amount of forgetting levels off. |
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Formal Operational Stage
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> Piaget's theory of cognitive development
> 11 + > Abstract reasoning |
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Forward conditioning
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> in classical conditioning, CS begins before the US begin
> In order to create the CR, the US must immediately follow the CS > BEST for classical conditioning > Timeline: present CS and then present US – creates CR (ring bell, show food and then the dog will salivate) |
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Fovea
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> Center of retina
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Framing Effect
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> An example of a cognitive bias
> People react to different things depending on how it is presented > People seek risk when something is presented as a loss, but avoid risk when something is presented as a win |
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Free association
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> psychoanalysis
> lie back on the couch with instructions to say everything that comes to mind |
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Free Choice Dissonance
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> A consistency theory
> Occurs in a situation where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives. |
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Free Recall
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> When a person can use any strategies they want to remember a list of words and they can remember them in any order
> Even though they can, items tend to be clustered together by categories during recall |
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Freedman
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> introduced a foot in the door technique
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Friedman and Rosenhan
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> different personality types (a, b, c)
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Functional amnesia
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> arises after psychological trauma or extreme stress, there is no obvious problem in the brain itself
> Difficult to study because it could be malingering (intentional faking of amnesia) |
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Functional fixedness
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> A cognitive bias
> Limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used > Originated in Gestalt Psychology |
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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> Lee Ross came up with it
> The tendency for people to put an emphasis on internal characteristics to explain other people's behaviors without considering the environment |
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Fundamental Processing of Memory Types
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> encoding
> storage > retrieval |
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Face validity
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> Face validity is the extent to which a test is subjectively viewed as covering the concept it purports to measure. It refers to the transparency or relevance of a test as it appears to test participants.
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False–consensus effect/bias
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> A cognitive bias whereby a person tends to overestimate the extent to which their beliefs or opinions are typical of those of others.
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Fantz
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> testing infant development
> viewing box and early childhood sensation/ perception |
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Fernald
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> Has studied the universal way in which parents speak to children, called motherese
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Festinger
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> social attraction and friendship patterns again were found to be most prominent with proximity
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Festinger’s social comparison model
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> people are attracted to persons they perceive as similar to themselves > they perceive the persons to whom they are attracted as more similar to themselves than is really the case |
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Fiske and Taylor
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> outlines three ways of how people are perceived
1. Naïve scientist - very methodical |
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Fixed role therapy
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> Kelly
> the critical role of the therapist is to act as a validator for the client’s experience > through the role construct repertory test (rep test) – the therapist becomes familiar with the client’s faulty constructs and helps the client to break down the faulty and reconstruct adaptively. Therapists role is to serve as validator of the client’s new constructs |
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Fodor
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> takes a modulatory position of language
> language is independent from other cognitive systems such as perception > principles that govern language acquisition and use are different than those for the rest of cognition |
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Forebrain
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> subcortical structures in the forebrain: the thalamus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, amygdala > cerebral cortex in the forebrain: 2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum |
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Four eras (female-based)
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> Mercer, Nichols, Doyle
> launch to adulthood (16-25) > leveling (26-30) >liberation (36-60) > regeneration/ redirection (61-65) > creativity/ destructiveness (66+) |
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Four eras (male-based) |
> Levinson > adolescence (11-17) > early adulthood (18-45)> middle adulthood (46-65) > late adulthood (65+) |
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Free nerve endings (FNE)
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> A free nerve ending is an unspecialized, afferent nerve ending meaning it brings information from the body’s periphery toward the brain. They function as cutaneous receptors and are essentially used by vertebrates to detect pain.
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Frequency (waves)
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> Waves are measured by frequency (Hz) or by its wavelength (nm).
>Frequency equals the number of waves that pass a given point per second. |
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Frequency (pitch)
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>The sensation of a frequency is commonly referred to as the pitch of a sound.
A high pitch sound corresponds to a high frequency sound wave and a low pitch sound corresponds to a low frequency sound wave. |
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Frequency (light)
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> Light of different frequency (or wavelength) have different hues.
In our visible wavelength, violet is the highest frequency and red is the lowest. |
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Frijda |
> cognitive appraisal and action tendencies occur simultaneously |
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Fromms method of psychodynamic treatment
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> stresses relationships that vary within them a love between equals and emphasizes a personality strong in relatedness, creativeness, brotherliness, individuality and reason
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Frontal Lobe
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> Assists in motor control and cognitive activities, such as planning, making decisions, setting goals, and relating the present to the future through purposeful behavior.
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Frustration aggression hypothesis
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> Dollard and Miller
> frustration being blocked from a goal or having to go remove leads to aggression |
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Function of pheromones in olfaction
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> Pheromones are secreted substances that are active outside the body in cuing social response, they are detected in humans through olfaction.
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Functionalism
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>William James, John Dewey, and Harvey Carr
> Focuses on the acts and functions of the mind rather than its internal contents > Sought to understand how the mind helps individuals to adapt to the world around them to function effectively in it > Addressed events at the level of the person and at the level of the group |
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Gate control theory
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> melzack and wall
> pain messages pass through a gate in the spinal cord enroute to the brain. In effect pain messages may or may not be sent depending on the other sensory experiences and the moments attention and activity |
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General adaptation syndrome
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> Selye
> Stages 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion |
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George von Bekesy
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> Studied the inner ear by building mechanical models of the cochlea
> Won Nobel prize for his Traveling Wave theory, which describes how sound waves travel along the cochlea in mammalian ears. |
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Gesell
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> physical maturation, studies the stages of development.
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Gestaltists phi phenomenon/ Stroboscopic movement (apparent motion)
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> The phi phenomenon (Wertheimer) is the optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion.
> The stroboscopic effect is a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous examples (ex: fan propellers) |
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Gestalt Psychology
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> Kurt Koffka and Max Wertheimer
> Movement that emphasizes holistic processing > Asserts that psychological phenomena must be viewed not as individual elements but as a coherent whole > Talks about how perception is our gateway to the world. If our perceptions are not accurate, then we have distorted views of reality. It's our interpretation of our environment |
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Gestalt therapy
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> perls
>stems from the premises that our words frequently say very different things than our bodies express, and the therapist seeks to bring out the bodily expressed message. Frustration is an essential ingredient for growth |
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Gore
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> Moderating factors of stress
> social support |
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Gestalt therapy |
> perls >stems from the premises that our words frequently say very different things than our bodies express, and the therapist seeks to bring out the bodily expressed message. Frustration is an essential ingredient for growth |
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Greenberg
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> Moderating factors of stress
> exercise |
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Group intelligence tests
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> Otis
>lorge-thorndike >califronia test of mental maturity |
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Growth hormone (pituitary)
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> Somatropin (AKA growth hormone) is secreted by the pituitary gland. Somatropin stimulates growth in animal or plant cells.
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Guttman's unidimensional approach
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> He sought to measure a range of depth on a given attitude dimension
> organized so that if you agreed slightly you'd agree with the first item given > if you had a stronger agreement attitude, the person might agree with the first two scale items > so that you can know what specific items in the scale the subject agreed with simply by knowing person's overall score |
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Galen
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> Ventricles are the most important
> Brain is packing material that packs that fluid. |
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Gambler's fallacy
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> Type of representative heuristic
> Belief that the probability of an item changes based on previous attempts when in reality, the probability remains the same. > Example: – If a coin was flipped 10 times, and each time it landed with the "heads" side facing up, someone relying on gambler's fallacy would believe the odds of it being heads the 11th time would be very low. But really, it's still 50% no matter what |
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Gamma waves
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> recorded while awake
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Garcia
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> there are biological constraints to what an animal can learn
> coined the term belongingness: some associations are easier to learn, others are harder, some are impossible > food inversions can happen after just one time (evolutionary because survival) > these animals instinctively, not on the basis of the training, instinctively said, if I feel a shock, it's probably related to this bright noisy stimulus that warns me. If I feel nauseous, it's related to the sugar water.> And they had these opposite patterns of learning for the stimuli as if these animals were prepared to fear some things and not others. > So it wasn't that everything could be matched with everything. Humans are more likely to predict a shock if it was a spider or a snake than if it was a flower or mushroom |
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Garden Path sentences
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> sentences that suggest on interpretation that turns out to be wrong
> the child painted by the artist was sleeping |
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Gardner
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> multiple intelligences
>linguistic, musical, logical mathematical ,spatial, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal >intelligence is the interaction of the individual’s biological predispositions with the environment and cultural context > studies have never actually found this |
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Gender dysphoria
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> Separate criteria provided for children, adolescents, and adults.
> Only includes gender dysphoria |
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Gender Schema Theory
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> Cognitive theory
> Says that children are motivated to act in gender consistent ways because they want to conform to their gender schemas > Child's gender development reflects the increasing complexity of gender schemas that surrounds being a man or woman |
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General intelligence (g) factor
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> Variable that summarizes positive correlations among different cognitive tasks, reflecting the fact that an individual’s performance at one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to that person’s performance at other kinds of cognitive task.
> Charles Spearman |
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General to specific development
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> large motor before fine motor movement
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Generalization
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> In classical conditioning, if bell tone is a little different, you’ll still salivate. – generalization
> As the tone gets further away from the original stimulus then you won’t salivate – discrimination |
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Generalization gradient
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> the more closely the new stimulus resembles the original CS, the stronger the response
> goes along with stimulus generalization |
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George Miller
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> Cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, and cognitive science
> Working memory > Magic number – "The magical number seven, plus or minus two" |
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Germinal stage of prenatal development
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> fertilization to two weeks > rapid cell division and implantation on the uterine wall
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Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development
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> Preconventional morality
– During this stage, there is a strong focus on survival and self–interest. > Conventional – During this stage, women prioritize selflessness and caring about others. > Postconventional – In the final stage of moral development, women emphasize taking responsibility for the consequences of their choices and gaining control of their own lives. Caring for others is a strong component of this high stage of moral development. |
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Goal of operant conditioning?
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> To change the likelihood with which the organism produces a response
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Gordon Allport
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> Taxonomy of traits
> A founder of trait theory of personality > Cardinal, central, and secondary traits |
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Group polarization
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> When people are placed into a group and these people have to deal with some situation, the group as a whole typically has some overriding attitude toward the situation. Over time and with group discussion, the group's attitude toward that situation may change. When it changes in such a way that the group attitude is enhanced and strengthened, then group polarization has occurred.
> For example, let's say a group of Republicans gather to discuss welfare reform and some new policy proposed by a democratic politician. The welfare policy calls for more money to be taken from private sector businesses and given to welfare centers. In the beginning of the discussion, the group as a whole may be somewhat against the welfare reform policy (thus having an initial group attitude). After discussing the policy, the group indicates that they are now more against the policy than ever. What has happened is that the initial attitude has been bolstered and the group is more polarized against the policy. |
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Gustation
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> formal name for taste
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