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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The process that arouses, directs, and maintains behavior
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Motivation
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Unlearned, complex patterns of behavior that occur in the presence of certain stimuli.
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Instincts
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The approach William McDougal championed was that human behavior was best explained through...
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Instincts
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What Psychologist is remembered for his instinctual approach to explaining human behavior?
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William McDougal
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William McDougal's concepts of explaining human behavoir still survive today in the observation that some behaviors may have __________, ___________, or ___________ roots.
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Biological, Physiological, Inherited
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The psychologist who introduced the theory that human behavior can be influenced by experience and the environment.
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Clark Hull
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A lack or deficiency of a biological essential required for survival as defined by Hull.
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Need
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The theory of human behavior described as "drive reduction" was introduced by...
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Clark Hull
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A state of tension, arousal, or activation.
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Drive
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Hull would label an unlearned, physiological need a __________ drive.
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Primary
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Hull would say that a drive resulting from your previous learned experiences is a _________ drive.
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Secondary
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The idea that not all behaviors result from biological needs is a criticism of Hull's ____________ theory
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Drive reduction
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The five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are...
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1. Physiological needs
2. Safety needs 3. Love and belongingness needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Self-Actualization needs |
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The psychologist responsible for the staged theory of human needs.
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Abraham Maslow
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The need for food and shelter would fall into which stage of Maslow's theory?
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Physiological needs
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Motivating agents or drives derived from an organism's learning experience.
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Secondary drives
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The need to feel protected from possible calamities would fit into which of Maslow's stages?
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Safety needs
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Husbands and wives, boyfriends and girlfriends, all express a need for ______________, according to Maslow.
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Love and belongingness
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Playing for the championship, striving to be the "employee of the month", or Trying to go out with the captain of the basketball team would all fall into Maslow's ___________ category.
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Self-esteem needs
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Reaching the pinnacle of our own self development would be described by Maslow as...
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Self-actualization
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Maslow's theory's biggest criticism was...
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Individuals sometimes bypass stages.
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External agents that serve as motivating agents.
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Incentives
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The incentive based approach to explaining behavior is most similar to which learning technique?
Who was the psychologist associated with this learning technique? |
Operant conditioning, B.F. Skinner
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The incentive approach to explaining behavior states that we are ______ by drives, and ______ by incentives.
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Pushed, pulled
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The concept that incentives motivate behavior demonstrates that they are _____________, or originating within the environment.
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External events
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The work of ____________ demonstrates the concept of homeostasis.
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Walter Cannon
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The optimal level of functioning in the concept of homeostasis is referred to as the _________.
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Set point
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An overall level of activation or excitement.
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Arousal
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The concept of balance and equilibrium is illustrated in ___________, a concept devised by Walter Cannon.
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Homeostasis
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A state of balance within our internal, physiological reactions.
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Homeostasis
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According to the theory of arousal, the lowest level of arousal we experience is when we are...
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Asleep
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Arousal theories argue that we seek to increase or decrease our level of arousal to maintain a _________, or state of optimal function.
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Set point
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An interesting sideline to the theories of arousal is that the "arousal set point" will be _________ for each individual.
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Different
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Psychologists label people who consistently search for unusually high levels of arousal _______________.
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Sensation seekers
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The psychologist who advocated the theory of cognitive dissonance.
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Leon Festinger
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A state of tension or discomfort that exists when we hold and are aware of inconsistent cognitions.
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Cognitive dissonance
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According to your textbook, almost all smokers experience ___________ _________, or discomfort due to inconsistent cognitions.
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Cognitive dissonance
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According to Festinger, If you read the material, study hard for the test and make an 98% on it, the satisfaction you will feel is called...
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Cognitive consonance
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According to Festinger's theory, a state of cognitive dissonance will serve as __________ to return to a state of balanced equilibrium with our cognitions.
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Motivation
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The acquired need to meet or exceed a standard of excellence in ones behaviors.
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The need to achieve
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The "need to achieve" was introduced in 1938 by...
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Henry Murray
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What test is typically used to assess psychologically based motives.(motives that are not biological or physiological in origin)
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The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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An individual who chooses a course of action which has a chance of success, but no guarantees of it, would have a _________________.
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High need to achieve
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The need to be in control, to be in charge of both the situation and other people.
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The need for power
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Someone with a high need for power would (A) prefer a situation where they could control the fates of others. (B) prefer a situation where no one was depending on them.
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(A) prefer a situation where they could control the fates of others.
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The need to be with, and work with others toward some end, and to form friendships and associations.
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The need for affiliation
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The need for affiliation is usually incongruent with the need for ______.
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Power
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An occupation which demonstrates both the need for power and the need for affiliation.
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Politician
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The need to form and maintain close, affectionate relationships.
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The need for intimacy
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According to McAdams, the need for intimacy is most likely to be higher in (A) Men. (B) Women.
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(B) Women
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An experience which includes a subjective feeling, a cognitive interpretation, a physiological reaction, and a behavioral expression.
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Emotion
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The only consensus psychologists can agree on regarding emotions is that it is a ________ state.
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Valenced
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The part of the nervous system most involved in an emotional response is the...
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Sympathetic nervous system
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The role of the cerebral cortex in emotion appears to be largely __________.
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Inhibitory
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Emotional reactions tend to be processed in the _______________ of the brain.
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Right hemisphere
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The individual who believed that facial expressions held the key to interpreting an individual's emotional state.
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Charles Darwin
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The psychologist who studied the relationships between emotional states and facial expressions across cultural boundaries.
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Paul Ekman
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True or False: Ekman's research indicates that there is evidence to support the theory of cross cultural facial interpretation at this time.
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True
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