Psychology Flashcards

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Definition of psychology:

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The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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Origins of psychology:

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Philosophy- The study of thinking.
Physiology- The study of the biological functions of living organisms.

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Who started psychology, the only date you need to know

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Wilhelm Wundt- Father of Psychology who opened and ran the first research lab devoted to psychology in 1879.

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Psychology’s first school of thought

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Structuralism-

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Structuralism

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Studied the structure of consciousness using introspection?

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Founder of structuralism

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Edward Titchener –

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Psychology’s second school of thought

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Functionalism-

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Functionalism-

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1895- Involved studying behavior and how it functions to help us adapt to our environment.

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Founder of functionalism and “American Father of Psychology”

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William James-

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Gestalt psychology

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Gestalt- Means “whole”- They maintained the whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts where consciousness is concerned.

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Psychoanalysis ...who?

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)- Viennese physician and founder of psychoanalysis

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Psychoanalysis focus?

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Focus on unconscious processes and early childhood experiences.

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Three names for Behaviorism

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John B. Watson-
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner

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John B. Watson- (1878-1958) Founder of ????

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behaviorism

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behaviorism Emphasized ?

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observable behavior and rejected the study of conscious and unconscious processes

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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

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Russian Physiologist who discovered Classical Conditioning.

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B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

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Experimented with Operant Conditioning.

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Humanistic Psychology

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The Third Force
Carl Rogers- 1950’s-Known for “client centered” therapy and his theory of personality.
Abraham Maslow- 1950’s Known for motivational theory- Hierarchy of needs.
Focus on – Self-determination, free will, subjective experience, individual unique potential, and the innate motive to grow psychologically.

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Contemporary Perspectives

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Biological
Psychoanalytic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Humanistic

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Biological perspective-

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Emphasize biological processes and heredity to explain behavior and thinking. Neuroscientists study what happens in the brain and how that effects thoughts, emotions and behavior.

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Psychoanalytic approach-

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Followers of Freud are called “Neo-Freudians”. Emphasize unconscious and early childhood experiences to explain behavior and thinking.

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Behavioral perspective-

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Emphasizes learning and the role of environment to explain behavior.

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Cognitive perspective-

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Emphasizes mental processes (perception, thinking, memory,etc.) “We are what we think”.

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Humanistic-

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Emphasizes free-will, self-determination and subjective experience.

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Cross-cultural-

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Emphasizes the role of cultural and social influences on human behavior and thinking.
-Collectivistic cultures
-Individualistic cultures

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Evolutionary Psychology-

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Attempts to understand how behaviors and mental processes enable survival of one’s gene pool.

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Positive Psychology-

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Focuses on positive emotional states and the means to achieve that. (Martin Seligman)