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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functionalism
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study of how ppl & animals adapt to their environment - thinking, feeling, learning & remembering all activities serve major functions and help us survive (Darwinism)
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William James (1842-1910)
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Functionalist
father of American Psych taught first psych class at Harvard Challenged Structuralists |
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Humanism
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believes that each person has the freedom in directing his/her future
Maslow's Pyramid |
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Abraham Maslow
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Humanistic
invented the self-actualization pyramid |
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Carl Rogers
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Trait Physchologist/ Humanistic therapist
combined idea of self positive regard & conditions of worth to analyze patients' thinking organism &self > unconditioned positive regard> fully functioning> self-actualization |
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Behaviorism
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belief that the proper subject matter of psychology is objectively observable behavior & nothing else (behavior reinforcement)
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B.F. Skinner
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Behaviorist
introduced idea of reinforcement - reinforce good behaviors & ignore the bad |
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John B. Watson
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Behaviorist
Defined and solidified the behaviorists positions Little Albert Experiment-all behaviors=result of stimulus |
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Ivan Pavlov
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Behaviorist
Dog Salvation/Bell Theory- studied how new stimulus brought about an old response |
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Classical Conditioning
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changing or controlling a person or animals' behavior so an old response is attached to a new stimulus
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Neutral Stimulus
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brings about no response
(Bell) |
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unconditioned stimulus
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naturally occuring stimulus that automatically, without training, brings about a response (meat dust)
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unconditioned response
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a response to an unconditioned stimulus
(salivate when meat dust present) |
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conditioned stimulus
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neutral and unconditioned stimulus are paired to bring about a response
(Bell and meat dust) |
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conditioned response
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the learned response to a conditioned stimulus
(Salivating when bell is rung) |
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Cognitive psychology
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focuses on how we process, store & use information & how this information influences our thinking, language, problem solving & creativity
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Operant Conditioning
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learning is based upon the consequences of behavior. Influenced by reinforcement/rewards & punishments
(Skinner- ppl act to get rewarded or avoid being punished) |
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Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio Schedule |
reinforcement that occurs after a specific # of correct response responses or behaviors (parents reinforcement after report cards)
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Reinforcement
Variable Ratio Schedule |
Reinforcement that occurs after a random # of correct responses or behaviors (powerball/gambling)
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Reinforcement
Fixed Interval Schedule |
Reinforcment occurs after a specific amount of time
(Employee raise after working for 2 months) |
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Reinforcement
Variable Interval Schedule |
Reinforcement occurs after a non-specific amount of time (traffic lights)
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Personality
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a relatively permanent set of characteristics that make a person unique
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3 components of personality
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Id
Ego Super Ego |
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Id
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The unorganized & inborn part of personality whose function is to reduce tension by satisfying ones' need for hunger, sex, etc
unconscious part of mind- fueled by libido |
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Ego
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the mostly conscious part of the mind whose function is to make decisions, control actions & use higher level of thinking
rational thoughts, what's practical, develops during 1st years of life uses defense mechanisms |
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Super Ego
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the moral guardian that sets high standards of conduct & behavior. helps establish the ideal self & making right and wrong judgement
operates on morality principles conscious-what SHOULD i do? |
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mental illness
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medical term that is a psychological disturbance or break down
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Psychodynamic/ Cognitive Psychotherapy Facilitated by Hypnotherapy
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1. Assesment & stabilization (cognitive)
2. Revisiting the trauma (hypnosis, free assosciation) 3. Reclaiming self-worth, not your fault (humanistic, behavioral) |
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Consciousness
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the general state of the awareness or the internal & external stimuli
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Gordon Allport
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"trait" psychologist
-believed an individuals philosophy is based on their values -developed words to describe ppl -organized words into 3 levels of traits |
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Cardinal Trait
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trait that dominates and shapes a person's behavior (rare becasue most lack a single trait that shapes them)
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Central Trait
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general trait found in every person to some degree (they shape most of our behavior but not as overwhelming as cardinal traits ex. honesty)
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Secondary Trait
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The characteristics that only come out in certain situations (particular likes or dislikes)
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Trait
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an aspect of personality with a tendency to react to a situation in a way that remains stable over time
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hypnosis
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a state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention adn characterized by heightened suggestibility
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Introvert
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a reserved, withdrawn person who is more preoccupied with his or her inner thoughts and feelings than in what is going on around him or her
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Extrovert
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an outgoing, active person who directs his or her energies and intersets toward other ppl and things
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Skinner Boxes
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A basic apparatus used to test theories of operant conditioning.
(Bird presses bar located on side of box, food comes out) |
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Albert Banduras
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Theory of personality- one's environment causes one's behavior
reciprocal determination: a person's behavior and the world causes eachother |
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Alfred Adler
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associate to Frued
developed inferiority complex children learn from elders all humans are motivated by social urges and that each person is a social being with a unique personality |
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inferiority complex
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a pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source
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Carl Jung
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Freud's closest associate; disagreed on psychoanalytic
believed distinguished between the personal unconscious& collective unconscious. believed in archetypes |
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Personal Unconscious
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Jung's idea similar to Freud's unconscious definition (the part of the mind that holds mosly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware but that strongly influences our conscious behavior
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Collective Unconscious
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the part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories commmon to all people
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Archetypes
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an inherited idea, based on the experiences of one's ancestors, which shapes one's perception of the world
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Phobia
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an intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation
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Karen Horney
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stressed the importance of basic anxiety, which a child feels because she is helpless, and basic hostility, a resentment of one's parents that generally accompanies this anxiety
Disagreed with Freud's psycho-sexual parent-child conflict |
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Defense Mechanisms
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certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or cirmunstances
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Anxiety
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an unpleasant psychological state characterized by a vague, generalized apprehension or feeling that one is in danger
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Learned Helplessness
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a condition in which repeated attempts to control or influence a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable and that any effort to cope will fail
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Escape Conditioning
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the training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus
ex. child whining so he/she doesn't have to eat food in front of him/her |
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Avoidance Conditioning
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the training of an organism to withdraw from or prevent an unpleasant stimulus before it starts
ex. child whining before dinner is made to avoid having to eat it |
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Circadian Rhythm
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a regular sequence of biological processes such as temperature and sleep that occurs every 24 hours
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Depressants
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substances that depress the activity of the central nervous system
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Stimulants
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class of drugs that enhance brain activity - they cause an increase in alertness, attention, and energy that is accompanied by elevated blood pressure and increased heart rate and respiration
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Stages of Sleep
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Awake- Alert (beta waves)
-Hypnogogic (Alpha waves) Stage 1- state of transition between awake & asleep (Theta) Stage 2- state of sleep (Spindle) Stage 3- state of sleep (Delta) Stage 4- Deepest sleep (Mostly Delta) REM Sleep (Sawtooth) |
