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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
As defined by the text, consciousness includes which of the following?
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All of the above. (daydreaming, sleeping, and hypnosis)
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Which of the following groups tends to daydream the most?
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Young adults
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When our __ is disrupted, we experience jet lag.
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Circadian rhythm
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Sleep spindles predominate during which stage?
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Stage 2
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During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and genital arousal?
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REM sleep
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The sleep cycle is approximately __ minutes.
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90
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The effects of chronic sleep deprivation includes
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all of the above.
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On effect of sleeping pills is to
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depress REM sleep
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Cocaine and crack produce a euphoric rush by
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Blocking the reputake of dopamine in brain cells
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Which of the following is classified as a depressant?
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Alcohol
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The modern discovery of hypnosis is generally attributed to
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Mesmer
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Which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true?
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Hypnosis is associated with a distinct physiological state.
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The fact that animals such as fish, whose behavior is less influenced by learning, do not dream provides support for the __ theory of dreaming.
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Information-processing
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According to Freud, dreams are:
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A symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes
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Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and perception through:
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Alteration of neural activity in the brain.
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Which of the following is not a common misconception about addiction?
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Biological factors place some individuals at increased risk for addiction.
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At its beginning, psychology focused on the study of:
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Consciousness
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Which of the following is not a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?
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Dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation
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The sleep-waking cycles of people isolated without clocks or daylight typically are __ hours in duration.
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25
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The lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reported by:
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Black males
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Studies of adopted children and their biological and adoptive families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence:
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Become more apparent
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A 6-year old child has a mental age of 9. The child's IQ is:
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150
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Most psychologists believe that racial gaps in test-scores:
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Ate in large measure caused by environmental factors.
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Standardization refers to the process of:
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Defining meaningful scores relative to a representative pre-tested group.
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Down syndrome is normally caused by:
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An extra chromosome in the person's genetic makeup
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement of a good test?
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Reification
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First-time parents Geena and Brad want to give their baby;s intelligence a jump-start by providing a super enriched learning environment. Experts would suggest that the new parents should:
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Relax, since there is no surefire environmental recipe for giving a child a superior intellect.
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Which of the following statements is true?
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The predictive validity of intelligence tests is not as high as their reliability.
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Before about age __ intelligence tests generally do not predict future scores.
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3
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Sorting children into gifted and non-gifted educational groups:
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Has all of the above effects
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between creativity and intelligence?
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A certain level of intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity.
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The existence of __ reinforces the generally accepted notion that intelligence is a multidimensional quality.
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Savant syndrome.
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Which of the following provides the strongest evidence of the role of heredity in determining intelligence?
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The IQ scores of identical twins raised separately are very similar.
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Reported racial gaps in average intelligence scores are most likely attributable to:
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Environmental factors
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The bell-shaped distribution of intelligence scores in the general population is called a:
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Normal distribution
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Research of the effectiveness of head start suggests that enrichment programs:
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Produce temporary gains in intelligence scores.
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Motivation is best understood as a state that:
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Energizes and directs behavior
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Which of the following is a difference between a drive and a need?
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Need are physiological states; drives are psychological states.
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One problem with the idea of motivation as drive reduction is that:
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Because some motivated behaviors do not seem to be based on physiological needs, they cannot be explained in terms of drive reduction.
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Recent evidence makes a preliminary link between homosexuality and:
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Atypical prenatal hormones.
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Increases in insulin will:
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Lower blood sugar and trigger hunger.
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Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus will cause an animal to:
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Begin eating
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Instinct theory and drive reduction theory both emphasize __ factors in motivation.
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Biological
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The correct order of the stages of Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle is:
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Excitement; plateu' orgasm; resoltuon
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Few human behaviors are sufficiently automatic to qualify as:
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Insticnts
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Bulimia nervosa involves
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Binging and purging (a and b)
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Kinsley's studies of sexual behavior showed that:
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Sexual behavior is enormously varied.
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To increase employee productivity, industrial/ organizational psychologists advise mangers to:
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Deal with employees according to their individual motives.
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Which of the following is correct regarding the relationship between arousal and performance?
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On easy tasks, performance is optimal when arousal is high.
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Which division of the nervous system is especially involved in bringing about emotional arousal?
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Sympathetic nervous system.
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Concerning emotions and their accompanying body responses, which of the following appears to be true?
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Many emotions involve similar body responses but have different underlying brain circuits.
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The cannon-bard theory of emotion states that:
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The conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body's physical reaction.
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Electrical stimulation of which brain region can produce terror or rage in cats?
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Limbic system
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The body's response to danger is triggered by the release of _ by the _ glands.
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine; adrenal
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Which of the following was NOT raised as a criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
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People with spinal cord injuries at the neck typically experience less emotion.
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Which of the following is true?
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People with more education tend to be happier
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Emotions are:
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All of the above
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Law enforcement officials sometimes use a lie detector to assess a suspect's responses to details of the crime believed to be known only to the perpetrator. This is known as the:
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Guilty knowledge test
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Research on nonverbal communication has revealed that:
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Facial expressions tend to be the same the world over, while gestures vary from culture to culture.
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In laboratory experiments, facial expressions of fear and anger have been found to result in:
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Subtly different body reactions.
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Research suggests that people generally experience the greatest well-being when they strive for:
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Intimacy and personal growth.
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Research indicates that a person is most likely to be helpful to others if he or she:
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Is happy.
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Darwin believed that:
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All of the above are true.
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Dr. Joan Goodman is studying how memory changes as people get older. She is most likely an __ psychologist.
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Developmental
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In Piaget's stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of
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Conservation
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Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the:
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Pre-operational stage
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During which stage of cognitive development to children acquire object permanence?
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Senorimotor
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The rooting reflex occurs when a:
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Newborn's cheek is touched.
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Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys showed that:
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A cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response.
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When psychologists discuss maturation, they are referring to stages of growth that are NOT influenced by:
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Nurture
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The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is:
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Erikson
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Research findings on infant motor development are consistent with the idea that:
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Maturation of physical skills is relatively unaffected by experience.
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According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age, respectively, are:
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Identity formation, intimacy, generativity
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In pre-conventional morality, the person
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Obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
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Which of the following is correct?
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Early maturing boys are more popular and self-assured than boys who mature late.
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A person's general ability to think abstractly is called __ intelligence. This ability generally __ with age.
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Fluid; decreases.
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Among the hallmarks of growing up are a boy's first ejaculation and a girl's first menstrual period, which also is called:
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Menarche
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An elderly person who can look back on life with satisfaction and reminisce with a sense of completion has attained Erikson's stage of:
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Integrity
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According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about abstract propositions is indicative of the stage of:
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Formal operations
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Which of the following statements concerning the effects of aging is true?
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The aging process can be significantly affected by the individual's activity patterns.
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Longitudinal tests:
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Study the same people at different times.
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The average age at which puberty begins is ___ in boys and ___ in girls
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13;11
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After puberty, the self-concept usually becomes:
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More positive in boys and girls
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Adolescence is marked by the onset of:
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Puberty
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Of the following, which is a possible cause of dementia?
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All of the above are possible causes.
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The end of menstruation is called:
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Menopause
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The popular idea that terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages, such as denial, anger and so forthL
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Is not supported by research studies.
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Which of the following is the correct order of psycho sexual stages proposed by FREUD?
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Oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital
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Which of the following places emphasis on the unconscious mind?
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The psychoanalytic perspective
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According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing:
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Anxiety
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Collectivist cultures:
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ASK THIS ASK THIS ASK THIS ASK THIS
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Neo-Freudian such as Adler and Horney believed that:
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Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts.
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Research on locus of control indicates that internals are __ than externals.
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Better able to cope with stress
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Which two dimensions of personality have the Eysencks emphasized?
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Extraversion-introversion and emotional stability- instability
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With regard to personality, it appears that
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There is little consistency of behavior from one situations to the next but significant consistency of traits over the life span.
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The humanistic perspective on personality:
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Emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.
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Acording to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are:
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Genuineness, acceptance, and honesty.
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Which of Freud's ideas would not be accepted by most contemporary psychologists?
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Development is essentially fixed in childhood.
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Individualist cultures:
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ASK THIS ASK THIS ASK THIS ASK THIS
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Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test have been criticized because:
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They have low reliability and low validity.
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A major criticism of trait theory is that it:
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Overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations.
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For humanistic psychologists, many of our attitudes and behaviors are ultimately shaped by whether our __ or ___ or ___.
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Self-concept; positive; negative.
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In studying personality, a trait theorist would most likely:
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Use a personality inventory
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Id is to ego as __ is to __.
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Pleasure principle; reality principle.
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Which of the following is a major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?
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It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person.
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Recent research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as __ than for defense mechanisms such as __.
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Reaction formation; sublimination
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Gender differences in the prevalence of depression may be partly due to the fact that when stressful experiences occur, women tend to ___ while men tend to ___.
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think; act
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The criteria for classifying behavior is psychologically disordered:
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Are characterized by both A and B.
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Most mental health workers today take the view that disordered behaviors:
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Arise from interaction of nature and nurture.
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The French reformer who insisted that madness was not demon possession and who called for humane treatment of patients was
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Spanos
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Which of the following is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?
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Depression
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Which of the following is not true concerning depression?
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Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event.
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Which of the following is not true regarding schizophrenia?
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It occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas.
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Evidence of environmental effects on psychological disorders is seen in the fact that certain disorders, such as __, are universal, whereas others, such as __, are culture- bound.
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Depression; anorexia nervosa
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The effect of drugs that block receptors for dopamine is to:
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Alleviate schizophrenia symptoms.
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The diagnostic reliability of DSM-IV:
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Is relatively high
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The early warning signs of schizophrenia, based on studies of high-risk children, include all but which of the following?
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Having matured physically at a early age
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The term insanity refers to:
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Legal definitions.
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Phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors are classified as:
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Anxiety disorders.
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According to the social-cognitive perspective, a person who experiences unexpected aversive events may develop helplessness and manifest a(n):
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mood disorder
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Most of the hallucinations of schizophrenia patients involve the sense of:
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Hearing
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Hearing voices would be a(n) __; Believing that you are Napoleon would be a(n).
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Hallucination; Delusion
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In treating depression, a psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would:
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Increase levels of norepinephrine.
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When schizophrenia is slow to develop, called __ schizophrenia, recovery is __.
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Process; unlikely
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Electroconvulsive therapy is most useful in the treatment of:
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Depression
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Which of the following categories of psychotherapy is known for its non directive nature?
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Humanistic therapy
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The anti psychotic drugs appear to produce their effects by blocking the receptor sites for:
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dopamine
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The technique of systematic desensitization is based on the premise that maladaptive symptoms are:
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Conditioned responses
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The operant conditioning technique in which desired behaviors are rewarded with points or poker chips that can be later exchanged for various rewards called:
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A token economy
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The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the __ gland in response to stimulation by the __ branch of the nervous system.
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Adrenal, sympathetic
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