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130 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
As defined by the text, consciousness includes which of the following?
All of the above. (daydreaming, sleeping, and hypnosis)
Which of the following groups tends to daydream the most?
Young adults
When our __ is disrupted, we experience jet lag.
Circadian rhythm
Sleep spindles predominate during which stage?
Stage 2
During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and genital arousal?
REM sleep
The sleep cycle is approximately __ minutes.
90
The effects of chronic sleep deprivation includes
all of the above.
On effect of sleeping pills is to
depress REM sleep
Cocaine and crack produce a euphoric rush by
Blocking the reputake of dopamine in brain cells
Which of the following is classified as a depressant?
Alcohol
The modern discovery of hypnosis is generally attributed to
Mesmer
Which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true?
Hypnosis is associated with a distinct physiological state.
The fact that animals such as fish, whose behavior is less influenced by learning, do not dream provides support for the __ theory of dreaming.
Information-processing
According to Freud, dreams are:
A symbolic fulfillment of erotic wishes
Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and perception through:
Alteration of neural activity in the brain.
Which of the following is not a common misconception about addiction?
Biological factors place some individuals at increased risk for addiction.
At its beginning, psychology focused on the study of:
Consciousness
Which of the following is not a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?
Dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation
The sleep-waking cycles of people isolated without clocks or daylight typically are __ hours in duration.
25
The lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reported by:
Black males
Studies of adopted children and their biological and adoptive families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence:
Become more apparent
A 6-year old child has a mental age of 9. The child's IQ is:
150
Most psychologists believe that racial gaps in test-scores:
Ate in large measure caused by environmental factors.
Standardization refers to the process of:
Defining meaningful scores relative to a representative pre-tested group.
Down syndrome is normally caused by:
An extra chromosome in the person's genetic makeup
Which of the following is NOT a requirement of a good test?
Reification
First-time parents Geena and Brad want to give their baby;s intelligence a jump-start by providing a super enriched learning environment. Experts would suggest that the new parents should:
Relax, since there is no surefire environmental recipe for giving a child a superior intellect.
Which of the following statements is true?
The predictive validity of intelligence tests is not as high as their reliability.
Before about age __ intelligence tests generally do not predict future scores.
3
Sorting children into gifted and non-gifted educational groups:
Has all of the above effects
Which of the following best describes the relationship between creativity and intelligence?
A certain level of intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity.
The existence of __ reinforces the generally accepted notion that intelligence is a multidimensional quality.
Savant syndrome.
Which of the following provides the strongest evidence of the role of heredity in determining intelligence?
The IQ scores of identical twins raised separately are very similar.
Reported racial gaps in average intelligence scores are most likely attributable to:
Environmental factors
The bell-shaped distribution of intelligence scores in the general population is called a:
Normal distribution
Research of the effectiveness of head start suggests that enrichment programs:
Produce temporary gains in intelligence scores.
Motivation is best understood as a state that:
Energizes and directs behavior
Which of the following is a difference between a drive and a need?
Need are physiological states; drives are psychological states.
One problem with the idea of motivation as drive reduction is that:
Because some motivated behaviors do not seem to be based on physiological needs, they cannot be explained in terms of drive reduction.
Recent evidence makes a preliminary link between homosexuality and:
Atypical prenatal hormones.
Increases in insulin will:
Lower blood sugar and trigger hunger.
Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus will cause an animal to:
Begin eating
Instinct theory and drive reduction theory both emphasize __ factors in motivation.
Biological
The correct order of the stages of Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle is:
Excitement; plateu' orgasm; resoltuon
Few human behaviors are sufficiently automatic to qualify as:
Insticnts
Bulimia nervosa involves
Binging and purging (a and b)
Kinsley's studies of sexual behavior showed that:
Sexual behavior is enormously varied.
To increase employee productivity, industrial/ organizational psychologists advise mangers to:
Deal with employees according to their individual motives.
Which of the following is correct regarding the relationship between arousal and performance?
On easy tasks, performance is optimal when arousal is high.
Which division of the nervous system is especially involved in bringing about emotional arousal?
Sympathetic nervous system.
Concerning emotions and their accompanying body responses, which of the following appears to be true?
Many emotions involve similar body responses but have different underlying brain circuits.
The cannon-bard theory of emotion states that:
The conscious experience of an emotion occurs at the same time as the body's physical reaction.
Electrical stimulation of which brain region can produce terror or rage in cats?
Limbic system
The body's response to danger is triggered by the release of _ by the _ glands.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine; adrenal
Which of the following was NOT raised as a criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
People with spinal cord injuries at the neck typically experience less emotion.
Which of the following is true?
People with more education tend to be happier
Emotions are:
All of the above
Law enforcement officials sometimes use a lie detector to assess a suspect's responses to details of the crime believed to be known only to the perpetrator. This is known as the:
Guilty knowledge test
Research on nonverbal communication has revealed that:
Facial expressions tend to be the same the world over, while gestures vary from culture to culture.
In laboratory experiments, facial expressions of fear and anger have been found to result in:
Subtly different body reactions.
Research suggests that people generally experience the greatest well-being when they strive for:
Intimacy and personal growth.
Research indicates that a person is most likely to be helpful to others if he or she:
Is happy.
Darwin believed that:
All of the above are true.
Dr. Joan Goodman is studying how memory changes as people get older. She is most likely an __ psychologist.
Developmental
In Piaget's stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of
Conservation
Piaget held that egocentrism is characteristic of the:
Pre-operational stage
During which stage of cognitive development to children acquire object permanence?
Senorimotor
The rooting reflex occurs when a:
Newborn's cheek is touched.
Harlow's studies of attachment in monkeys showed that:
A cloth mother produced the greatest attachment response.
When psychologists discuss maturation, they are referring to stages of growth that are NOT influenced by:
Nurture
The developmental theorist who suggested that securely attached children develop an attitude of basic trust is:
Erikson
Research findings on infant motor development are consistent with the idea that:
Maturation of physical skills is relatively unaffected by experience.
According to Erikson, the central psychological challenges pertaining to adolescence, young adulthood, and middle age, respectively, are:
Identity formation, intimacy, generativity
In pre-conventional morality, the person
Obeys to avoid punishment or to gain concrete rewards.
Which of the following is correct?
Early maturing boys are more popular and self-assured than boys who mature late.
A person's general ability to think abstractly is called __ intelligence. This ability generally __ with age.
Fluid; decreases.
Among the hallmarks of growing up are a boy's first ejaculation and a girl's first menstrual period, which also is called:
Menarche
An elderly person who can look back on life with satisfaction and reminisce with a sense of completion has attained Erikson's stage of:
Integrity
According to Piaget, the ability to think logically about abstract propositions is indicative of the stage of:
Formal operations
Which of the following statements concerning the effects of aging is true?
The aging process can be significantly affected by the individual's activity patterns.
Longitudinal tests:
Study the same people at different times.
The average age at which puberty begins is ___ in boys and ___ in girls
13;11
After puberty, the self-concept usually becomes:
More positive in boys and girls
Adolescence is marked by the onset of:
Puberty
Of the following, which is a possible cause of dementia?
All of the above are possible causes.
The end of menstruation is called:
Menopause
The popular idea that terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages, such as denial, anger and so forthL
Is not supported by research studies.
Which of the following is the correct order of psycho sexual stages proposed by FREUD?
Oral; anal; phallic; latency; genital
Which of the following places emphasis on the unconscious mind?
The psychoanalytic perspective
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are methods of reducing:
Anxiety
Collectivist cultures:
ASK THIS ASK THIS ASK THIS ASK THIS
Neo-Freudian such as Adler and Horney believed that:
Freud placed too great an emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts.
Research on locus of control indicates that internals are __ than externals.
Better able to cope with stress
Which two dimensions of personality have the Eysencks emphasized?
Extraversion-introversion and emotional stability- instability
With regard to personality, it appears that
There is little consistency of behavior from one situations to the next but significant consistency of traits over the life span.
The humanistic perspective on personality:
Emphasizes the growth potential of "healthy" individuals.
Acording to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote growth in personality. These are:
Genuineness, acceptance, and honesty.
Which of Freud's ideas would not be accepted by most contemporary psychologists?
Development is essentially fixed in childhood.
Individualist cultures:
ASK THIS ASK THIS ASK THIS ASK THIS
Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test have been criticized because:
They have low reliability and low validity.
A major criticism of trait theory is that it:
Overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations.
For humanistic psychologists, many of our attitudes and behaviors are ultimately shaped by whether our __ or ___ or ___.
Self-concept; positive; negative.
In studying personality, a trait theorist would most likely:
Use a personality inventory
Id is to ego as __ is to __.
Pleasure principle; reality principle.
Which of the following is a major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?
It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person.
Recent research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as __ than for defense mechanisms such as __.
Reaction formation; sublimination
Gender differences in the prevalence of depression may be partly due to the fact that when stressful experiences occur, women tend to ___ while men tend to ___.
think; act
The criteria for classifying behavior is psychologically disordered:
Are characterized by both A and B.
Most mental health workers today take the view that disordered behaviors:
Arise from interaction of nature and nurture.
The French reformer who insisted that madness was not demon possession and who called for humane treatment of patients was
Spanos
Which of the following is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?
Depression
Which of the following is not true concerning depression?
Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event.
Which of the following is not true regarding schizophrenia?
It occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas.
Evidence of environmental effects on psychological disorders is seen in the fact that certain disorders, such as __, are universal, whereas others, such as __, are culture- bound.
Depression; anorexia nervosa
The effect of drugs that block receptors for dopamine is to:
Alleviate schizophrenia symptoms.
The diagnostic reliability of DSM-IV:
Is relatively high
The early warning signs of schizophrenia, based on studies of high-risk children, include all but which of the following?
Having matured physically at a early age
The term insanity refers to:
Legal definitions.
Phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors are classified as:
Anxiety disorders.
According to the social-cognitive perspective, a person who experiences unexpected aversive events may develop helplessness and manifest a(n):
mood disorder
Most of the hallucinations of schizophrenia patients involve the sense of:
Hearing
Hearing voices would be a(n) __; Believing that you are Napoleon would be a(n).
Hallucination; Delusion
In treating depression, a psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would:
Increase levels of norepinephrine.
When schizophrenia is slow to develop, called __ schizophrenia, recovery is __.
Process; unlikely
Electroconvulsive therapy is most useful in the treatment of:
Depression
Which of the following categories of psychotherapy is known for its non directive nature?
Humanistic therapy
The anti psychotic drugs appear to produce their effects by blocking the receptor sites for:
dopamine
The technique of systematic desensitization is based on the premise that maladaptive symptoms are:
Conditioned responses
The operant conditioning technique in which desired behaviors are rewarded with points or poker chips that can be later exchanged for various rewards called:
A token economy
The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the __ gland in response to stimulation by the __ branch of the nervous system.
Adrenal, sympathetic