Psychology Final Exam Spring 2009 Part Vi

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In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, an unconscious process that shields the ego from anxiety by denying or distorting reality.

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defense mechanisms

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In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the component of personality that acts as an intermediary between the instinctual demands of the id and the reality of the real world.

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ego

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In Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, arrested development that results from exposure to either too little or too much gratification.

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fixation

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Fifth and final stage in Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, beginning with puberty, during which sexual feelings that were dormant during the latency stage reemerge; maturation of sexual interests.

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genital stage

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In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the biological component of personality consisting of life instincts and death instincts.

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id

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Fourth stage of psychosexual development in Freud’s theory, extending from about age 6 to puberty, during which sexual drives remain unexpressed or latent.

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latency period

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In psychoanalytic theory, the hidden content of dreams, which Freud asserted was their true meaning.

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latent content

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In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the energy that fuels the id and motivates all behavior.

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libido

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In Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, the attraction a male child feels toward his mother (and jealousy toward his father) during the phallic stage.

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Oedipus complex

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According to Freud, the first stage of psychosexual development spanning birth through 18 months, during which the lips and mouth are the primary pleasure areas; focus on sucking, biting, chewing.

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oral stage

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The relatively enduring, distinctive patterns of behavior, emotions, and thoughts that characterize an individual’s adaptations to his or her life.

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personality

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According to Freud, the third phase of psychosexual development, spanning age 3 - 6, during which the focus of sexual gratification is genital stimulation; coping with incestual sexual feelings.

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phallic stage

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According to Freud, the principle guiding the id that seeks immediate gratification of all instinctive drives regardless of reason, logic, or the possible impact of behaviors

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pleasure principle

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Defense mechanism in which an individual reduces anxiety created by unacceptable impulses by attributing those impulses to someone else.

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projection

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According to Freud’s perspective, stages of development in which the focus of sexual gratifica­tion shifts from one body site to another.

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psychosexual development

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According to Freud, the tendency to behave in ways that are consistent with reality.

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reality principle

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In psychoanalytic theory, the primary defense mechanism by which ideas, feelings, or memories that are too painful to deal with on a conscious level are banished to the unconscious.

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repression

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Commonly used projective test in which the subject is asked to examine inkblots and say what they look like or bring to mind.

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Rorschach inkblot test

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According to Freud, the third system of personality that consists of an individual’s conscience as well as the ego-ideal (the ‘shoulds’ of behavior).

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superego

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According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories that are repressed and unavailable to conscious awareness. According to contemporary psychologists, the term refers to information processing of which we are unaware.

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unconscious

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Personality trait manifested by sociability; friendliness, and interest in people and events in the external world.

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extroversion

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Personality trait expressed as shyness, reclusiveness, and preoccupation with the inner world of thoughts, memories, and feelings.

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Introversion

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According to Albert Bandura, the principle that individual behaviors and thus personalities are shaped by the interaction between cognitive factors and environmental factors.

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reciprocal determinism

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In Carl Jung’s theory, a kind of universal memory bank that contains all the ancestral memories, images, symbols, and ideas that humans have accumulated throughout their evolvement.

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collective unconscious

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Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly. Contrast with individualism.

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collectivism

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A response produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive stimuli. Characterized by the inability to learn an avoidance response.

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learned helplessness

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Behavior that is atypical, maladaptive, dysfunctional, socially unacceptable, and produces emotional distress.

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abnormal behavior

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Term originally used by Freud to describe anxiety disorders, and widely used until publication of DSM-III to describe a range of disorders that are distressing and often debilitating, but are not characterized by a loss of contact with reality.

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neurosis

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A group of psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

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anxiety disorders

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An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

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generalized anxiety disorder

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Any of a number of anxiety disorders that are characterized by a persistent fear of and consequent avoidance of a specific object or situation.

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phobia

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Mood disorder characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania (highly energized behavior).

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bipolar disorder

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Type of mood disorder characterized by deep and persistent depression.

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major depressive disorder

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A disorder of thought content and presence of a rigidly held belief that is a misrepresentation of reality.

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delusion

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False perception that lacks a sensory basis. Can be produced by hallucinogenic drugs, fatigue, or sensory deprivation. Often associated with severe psychotic disorders.

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hallucination

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Surgical cutting of the corpus callosum to study the effects of disconnecting the right and left brain hemispheres, specifically the independent functioining of the two hemispheres.

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split-brain research

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Therapy based on the assumption that maladaptive behavior has been learned and can therefore be unlearned.

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behavior therapy

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Psychoanalytic technique developed by Sigmund Freud in which patients relax and say whatever comes to their minds.

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free association

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Approach to psychology developed by Freud that emphasizes the dynamics among the three forces of personality, the id, ego, and superego; the importance of defense mechanisms; and the importance of dreams as the "royal road" to the unconscious.

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psychoanalytic approach

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Any psychological technique or procedure designed to deal with abnormal behavior and improve a person’s adjustment to life.

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psychotherapy

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Any learned, relatively enduring predisposition to respond in consistently favorable or unfavorable ways to certain people, groups, ideas, or situations.

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attitude

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The theory that we attempt to make sense out of other people’s behavior by attributing it to either dispositional (internal) causes or external (situational) causes.

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attribution theory

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Theory that people experience psychological discomfort or dissonance whenever two related cognitions or behaviors are in conflict.

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cognitive dissonance theory

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When analyzing another person's behavior, the tendency to overestimate dispositional (internal) causes and to underestimate situational (external) causes of their behavior.

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fundamental attribution error

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Field of specialization concerned with understanding the impact of social environments and social processes on individuals. Includes how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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Social psychology

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Form of social influence in which people alter their behavior in response to direct requests from others, which usually involve a degree of coercion.

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compliance

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Tendency to modify behaviors so that they are consistent with those of other people.

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conformity

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Attribution bias caused by the assumption that most people share our own attitudes and behaviors.

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false consensus bias

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One basis of conformity, in which we accept a group’s beliefs or behaviors as providing accurate information about reality.

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informational social influence

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Social influence in which we conform not because of an actual change in our beliefs, but because we think we will benefit in some way (such as gaining approval).

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normative social influence

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Social influence in which we alter our behavior in response to commands or orders from people perceived as having power or authority.

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obedience

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The effects that others have on our feelings, beliefs, and behaviors.

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social influence

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Technique for encouraging compliance in which a person is first asked to agree to a relatively minor request that serves as a setup for a more major request.

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foot-in-the-door technique

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A statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other.

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correlation coefficient

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In descriptive statistics, the arithmetic average obtained by adding scores and dividing by the number of scores.

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mean

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In descriptive statistics, a value that reflects the middle or central point of a distribution of scores.

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measure of central tendency

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In descriptive statistics, a measure that indicates whether distribution scores are clustered closely around their average or widely spread out.

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measure of variability

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In descriptive statistics, the score that falls in the middle of a distribution of numbers arranged from the lowest to the highest.

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median

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In descriptive statistics, the score that occurs most frequently in a distribution of numbers.

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mode

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In descriptive statistics, a distribution in which scores are distributed similarly on both sides of the middle value, so that they form a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve when graphed. The areas under each side of the normal curve are 34%, 14%, 2%.

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normal distribution (normal curve)

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The percent of scores in a distribution which fall at or below a particular score.

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percentile

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In descriptive statistics, a measure of variability that indicates the difference between the highest and lowest scores.

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range

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In descriptive statistics, the term describes an unbalanced distribution of scores.

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skewed distribution

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In descriptive statistics, a measure of variability that indicates the average extent to which all the scores in a distribution vary from the mean.

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standard deviation

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Term used to describe research results in which changes in the dependent variable can be associated (with a high level of confidence) to changes in the independent variable. Chance is ruled out as the explanation.

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statistical significance

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Mathematical methods for organizing, summarizing, describing and interpreting data.

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statistics

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In descriptive statistics, a measure of variability that is the average of the squared distances of the scores from the mean.

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variance