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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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intelligence
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the application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture
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what do intelligence tests do
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assess individual aptitude and compare results to a normative group
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who created the first scientific intelligence tests
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Simone Binet
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What is IQ
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intelligence quotient
(mental age/chronological age) x 100 15/13 x 100 =115 |
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how are intelligence tests now different from original IQ tests?
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original tests measured mental age
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basics of the normal curve and how it relates to distribution of IQ scores
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most people are in the middle, while few people are geniuses and few are retards
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the nature vs nurture debate as it applies to intelligence
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-its heritable
-genetic influence increases w/age -intelligence has been steadily increasing each decade -intelligent ppl can give birth to retards |
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What is the Flynn Effect and why does it occur
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IQ scores raise 3 points every yr
-daily life is more challenging -nutrition is better -increased education -test smarts are increasing |
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general factor G
intelligence theory |
by Spearman
-single underlying intellectual capacity -if your good at one thing your prob smart at everything |
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specific factor S
intelligence theory |
by Gardner
-intellectual capacity specific to task -opposite of Spearman |
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Sternberg's theory
intelligence theory |
-in btw general and specific
-3 groups of intelligence -analytical: numbers, etc -creative: ability to create new things -practical: common sense |
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what is emotional intelligence
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knowing your emotions
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why is emotional intelligence important?
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-managing your feelings
-self-motivation -recognizing others emotions -handling relationships |
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what are some problems associated with assessing intelligence
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-cultural bias (blacks vs white, whites administer tests)
-tests define what they measure: scored high on IQ test cause im smart, smart cause i scored high on IQ test |
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Whats the difference between aptitude and achievement tests?
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-aptitude measures potential not knowledge
-achievement measures knowledge |
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example of aptitude and achievement tests
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aptitude: SAT
achievement: psych tests |
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basic structure of the WAIS
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale |
verbal component
performance component |
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difference and relationship btw reliability and validity
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realiability: consistency
validity: measures what it says it will relationship: test can be reliable but not valid, but can't be valid and not reliable |
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what is normative data
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a way of making tests reliable and valid
need to give tests to thousands of people before it is valid/reliable |
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whats the difference btw a standardized and non-standardized test
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standardized is paid for, has already been made reliable and valid
non-standardized: free, doesn't really have a normative group |
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what is personality
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an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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psychoanalytic perspective
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by Freud
- suggests that there is a structure of the mind that includes the id, the superego and the ego. These structures struggle for control of the energy of the psyche |
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conscious
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completely aware of what your doing
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unconscious
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no sense of what is going on in it
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preconscious
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memories, dreams, things were partially aware of
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id
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hedonistic drives, desires
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ego
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balances super ego and id
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superego
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societal expectations, morals
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what is the iceberg theory
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-conscious mind consists of ego/superego
-preconscious consists of superego -unconscious consists of Id -most of mind is consumed by id |
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what is psychoanalysis
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trying to tap into the unconscious mind
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free association
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give word, you say the first thing you think of
-i say banana, you say penis |
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freudian slips
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say something you didn't intend to say that reflects your unconscious mind
-ex say ex bfs name to curren bf |
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how do Freud's psychosexual stages play a role in personality development
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If a child progresses normally through the stages, resolving each conflict and moving on, then little libido remains invested in each stage of development. But if he fixates at a particular stage, the method of obtaining satisfaction which characterized the stage will dominate and affect his adult personality.
ex: boy stuck at phallic stage will stay a mommas boy |
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what are the oedipus complex, fixation, and identification
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-oedipus complex:group of largely unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings which centre around the desire to possess the parent of the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex
-fixation: stuck at a certain stage -identification:when you resolve one of the conflicts |
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defense mechanisms
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a way of protecting integrity of personality structure
a way to deal w/ emotional conflict too tough for conscious mind |
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repression
defense mechanism |
stuff memory into unconscious to pretend it didnt occur
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regression
defense mechanism |
revert to earlier stage of development/behavior
ex: very upset get in fetal postion, tough at college, go home |
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reaction formation
defense mechanism |
someone holds belief that is exact opposite of the truth
-gay person is homophobic |
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projection
defense mechanism |
take your issues and see them on someone else
ex: husband having an affair so accuses wife of having one |
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rationalization
defense mechanism |
make excuses or find one part of situation that makes sense and focus on it
ex: on diet, get whopper and diet coke and focus on diet coke |
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displacement
defense mechanism |
direct emotion at something other than source
ex: bad day at school, yell at mom |
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sublimation
defense mechanism |
take an unacceptable behavior/ emotion and make it acceptable
ex: kid fighting in school, put him in karate |
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how do you assess the unconscious
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projective tests, cant just ask someone about their unconscious
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Thematic Apperception Test
TAT |
given series of cards with scenes on them and must tell story about each card
-psychologist looks for recurring themes |
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Rorschach test
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series of symmetrical inkblots and say what you see
-look for recurring themes |
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what are the advantages and disadvantages of projective tests
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advantages: unlikely individual has taken test before,
disadvantages: unreliable, results are subjective, validity is low, take long to complete and score, requires a lot of training, scores affected by race and gender |
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who were freuds dissenters and how did their theories differ from his?
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Adler and Horney
-focus on social rather than sexual aspects of childhood Carl Jung -collective unconscious |
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According to Jung, what is the collective unconscious
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a "storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from man's ancestral past, a past that includes not only the racial history of man as a separate species but his pre-human or animal ancestry as well.
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how does modern psychodynamic theory differ from traditional psychoanalysis
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modern is more empirically tested
freuds ideas aren't centered in the modern ones |
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what is the trait perspective?
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describes personality in terms of traits
characteristic pattern of behaviors or a disposition to feel and act as assessed by self-report inventories |
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how does the trait perspective differ from the psychoanalytic perspective
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it focuses on the conscious mind and motives rather than the unconscious
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what is factor analysis
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statistical technique to reduce size of data
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who was Hans Eysenck and what was his major contribution to the trait perspective
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he grouped traits together to reduce the size of the data
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the Two Factor Theory
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unstable vs stable
introverted vs extroversion |
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the Five Factor Theory
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emotional stability
extroversion openness agreeableness conscientiousness |
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what evidence supports the five factor theory
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results are similar through life
its heritable cultural considerations: show up around world |
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how are traits assessed?
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objective tests
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how do objective and projective tests differ?
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objective tests are structured, usually multiple choice
projective are open ended, unstructured, scoring is straightforward |
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What is the MMPI and how does it measure personality?
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Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
random multiple choice questions that say if you have a disease or something difficult to fake, 3 validity tests |
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how stable are traits
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person will react to the same situation similarly over time
the trait is consistent but behavior is not depends on formal vs. informal |
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psychological disorder
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harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, or unjustifiable
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how does the medical model differ from the biopsychosocial model
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medical focuses on physical examination
biopsychosocial focuses on physical examination as well as a mental one, focuses on a person as a whole |
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what is the DSM?
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders
-lists all disorders and symptoms |
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what are the advantages of the DSM?
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creates a common language
efficient facilitates billing for insurance |
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what are the disadvantages of the DSM?
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some diagnosis aren't reimbursable
people can fit into multiple diagnoses either you have something or you don't, you can't have something a little labels people |
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What is the five axis system?
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I: major mental illness
II: intellectual problem, personality disorder III: medical IV: psychosocial stressors V: Global assessment of functioniong |
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whats the difference between prevalence and incidence
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incidence: number of new cases
prevalence: overall number of diagnosies |
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What are anxiety disorders
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persistent worry, interferes w/ daily functioning
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what are symptoms of panic disorder?
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increased HR, hyperventilating, high BP, muscle contractions
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what are panic attacks and why do they happen?
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sudden, discrete periods of intense anxiety
people prone to anxiety, they pay more attention to their body, if their heart skips a beat they freak out |
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what are phobias and why do they happen?
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irrational fear and/or avoidance of a specific object or situation
unconscious or emotional learning takes place to keep us safe |
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what are the advantages/disadvantages of psychotherapy vs medication in treating anxiety disorders?
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advantages: is permanent, not addictive
disadvantage: not as immediate |
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how are social phobias different from other phobias?
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involve social situations
ex: fear of embarrassment, evaluation by others, public speaking |
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what is systematic desensitization
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slowly exposing someone to their phobia
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what is reciprocal inhibition
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impossible to be fearful and relaxed at same time
teach someone to induce relaxation and put them in fearful situation |
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what is obsessive compulsive disorder
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have an obsession so you fix it with a compulsion
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obsession
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repetitive, unwanted, disturbing thoughts/images
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compulsion
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behavioral response to an obsession to reduce stress
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relationship btw obsessions and compulstions
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compulsions reduce the stress of obsessions
-negative reinforcement |
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common obsessions and compulsive behavior
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germs, wash hands
orderliness, organize |
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how is OCD treated medically
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antidepressants: SSRIs
helps with the thoughts (obsessions) |
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how is OCD treated psychologically?
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exposure and response prevention:
expose patient to fear and don't let them respond |
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what is Post-traumatic stress disorder and how does it develop?
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perceived life threatening trauma
war, accidents, assault |
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how is PTSD treated psychologically
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cognitive reprocessing therapy:
brings them through process again teaches them to remember w/o emotional intensisty |
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what psychological and biological factors play a role in anxiety disorders?
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biology: insufficient neural inhibition (GABA)
psychological: observational learning |
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what are general medical and psychotherapeutic treatments for anxiety disorders
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medical: benzodiazepines, tricyclics, SSRIs,
psycho: cognitive-behavioral therapy |
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what are mood disorders
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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
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the polar perspective
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unipolar vs bipolar
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endogenous vs exogenous depression
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endo: generated inside, chemical
exo: generated outside, life circumstances no longer used in medical world |
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how is gender significant in depression
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women depression is more common
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what are symptoms of major depression
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suicidal thoughts, helplessness, socially inverted, crying, no motivation, appetite change, sleep change, irritable, low concentration, anhedonia (can't have pleasure), hoplessness
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what are biological perspectives on depression?
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neurotransmitter activity
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what are cognitive perspectives on depression?
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pattern of negative irrational though processes
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what are social perspectives on depression
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caused by social relationships/roles
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chronicity of depression
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considered to be a chronic disease
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what are 3 generations of anti depressant medications
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MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors
tricyclics SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
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advantages/disadvantages of MAOIs
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don't work w/ other meds, can't ingest tyramine, lethal
very effective |
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advantages/disadvantages of tricyclics
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lethal in OD, cardiotoxic, dry mouth/eyes, dizzy, confusion, headaches
very effective |
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advantages/disadvantages of SSRIs
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gastrointestinal problems (diarrhea, constipation), sexual dysfunction
can't OD |
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what kinds of psychotherapy are most effective in treating depression
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cognitive behavior therapy
interpersonal therapy |
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what is the no treatment issue
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sometimes depression goes away on its own
you don't know if this will work, or how long it will take, much safer to take meds |
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what is bipolar disorder?
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major depressive episodes and mania
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what causes bipolar disorder
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biological: genetically based
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how is bipolar disorder treated?
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lithium: a mood stabliizer
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what are some of the dangers of treatment for bipolar disorder
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weight gain, tremors, lithium toxicitiy
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what is schizophrenia
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group of disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
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what are the subtypes of schizophrenia
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paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, risidual
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symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia
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dillusions
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symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia
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hard time taking care of self,
can't shower, cook, eat right |
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symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia
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social withdraw, don't move or speak
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symptoms of undifferentiated schizophrenia
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all of the subtypes symptoms together
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what are the symptoms of risidual schizophrenia
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responded well to treatment and only have a couple left over symptoms
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what is the world wide prevalence of schizophrenia
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1% of the population
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what's the difference between negative and positive symptoms
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positive: somethings there that shouldn't be
negative: things that should be there, aren't |
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positive symptoms
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delusions
hallucinations disorganized speech and thinking grossly disorganized behavior loose association |
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negative symptoms
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social isolation
withdrawn affective flattening: no emotion alogia: lack of word production |
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what are the biological/ biochemical explanations for schizophrenia
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dopamine theory: excess of it
brain abnormality don't really know the cause |
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how/why did the history of treating schizophrenia change in the 1950s
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began using antipsychotic medicine
was meant to sedate them but actually removed some symptoms |
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three classes of anitpsychotic medications
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phenothiazines
butyrophenones atypical antipsychotics |
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side effects of phenothiazines and butyrophenones
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-parkinsonian symptoms
-akithesia and dystonia (restless and muscles lock up) -tardive dsykinesia: permenant neurological disorder, twitch, tongue thrust |
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side effects of atypicals
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-same as other meds but less extreme
-diabetes -agranulocytosis: desctruction of white blood cells -weight gain |
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what is a personality disorder
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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
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on what axis of the DSM are personality disorders diagnosed
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axis II (two, not eleven)
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major symptoms of antisocial PD
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-complete and total lack of conscience
-inability to feel compassion or empathy for others |
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major symptoms of Borderline PD
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-extremely emotionally unstable
-no identity of self -latch onto others and form intense, inappropriate attachments -fear of abandonment |
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major symptoms of Narcissistic PD
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-love themselves
-center of attention -only care if things go well for self |
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major symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive PD
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-rigid inflexible expectations of self, others, and world
-things have to be done their way -detail oriented |
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what causes personality disorders
nature vs. nurture |
its both
once past adolescence it can't be extracted |
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what effective treatments are available for personality disorders
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-psychotherapy
-no meds -for borderline PD one med works okay -no real treatment |
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what are some major obstacles in treating PDs
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-not well researched
-much overlap in diagnostic process -ppl don't present themselves for research cause they don't believe they have a PD |
