Psychology Final Exam

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psychological disorder

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a harmful dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable.

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medical model

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psychological disorders are sicknesses that can be treated in a hospital and can be cured.

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bio-psycho-social perspective

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biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.

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Labeling Psychological Disorders

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labeling creates preconceptions that unfairly stigmatize people and bias our perceptions of their past and present behavior.

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anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

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generalized anxiety disorder

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person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

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panic disorder

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minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

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phobias

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a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

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OCD

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unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

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Mood Disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

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Depression

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two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

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Mania

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marked by hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

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Bipolar

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cycle between depression and mania.

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Schizophrenia

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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusion thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

excess amount of dopamine receptors in brain.

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delusions

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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

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Paranoid Schizophrenia

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preoccupation with delusions or halllucinations often with themes of persecution or grandiosity.

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Disorganized Schizophrenia

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disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion.

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Catatonic Schizophrenia

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immobility, extreme negativism, and/or parrot-like repeating of another's speech or movements.

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Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

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many and varied symptoms.

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Residual Schizophrenia

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withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared.

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flat affect

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zombie like state of apparent apathy.

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Personality Disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

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antisocial personality disorder

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the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends or family members. may be aggressive and ruthless, or a clever con artist.

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psychotherapy

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an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties.

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ecelectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

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psychoanalysis

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Freud's technique;

free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences bring about repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

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resistance

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the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

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interpretation

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the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight.

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transference

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the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships.

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psychodynamic therapy

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try to understand the patient's symptoms by exploring their childhood experiences; probe for repressed emotions and feelings, seeking to help the person gain insight to the roots of the problems and work through the feelings.

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client-centered therapy

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Carl Rogers

the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine,accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.

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active listening

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empathic listening in whic the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies.

rogers' client-centered therapy uses this

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behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

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counterconditioning

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conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning.

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exposure therapies

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treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid.

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systematic desensitization

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type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias.

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aversive conditioning

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type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

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token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure that reqards for desired behavior. a patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.

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cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting.

based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

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cognitive-behavior therapy

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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy(changing self-defeating thinking) with thinking therapy(changing behavior).

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group/family therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other members of the family.

attempts to guide family members towards relationships and improved communication.

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light exposure therapy

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prevents seasonal affective disorder; in winter some will spend their mornings in front of a light that is as natural as outdoor light, therefore helping with SAD.

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psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

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Xanax

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antianxiety

depress central nervous system activity; in combination with other therapy, can help a person learn to cope with frightening situations and fear-triggering stimuli.

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Zoloft

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Antidepressant

life people up from a state of depression; work by increasing the availability of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin (which elevate arousal and mood).

see Prozac*

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Prozac

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antidepressant;

serotinin-enhancing drug, also prescribed for OCD;

partially blocks the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses.

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Lithium

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can be a mood stabilizer in manic depression patients

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Valium

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antianxiety;

depress central nervous system activity; in combination with other therapy, can help a person learn to cope with frightening situations and fear-triggering stimuli.

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Thorazine

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antipsychotic

dampen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli;

can produce tremors, sluggishness, tremors and twitches.

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Clozaril

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antipsychotic/neuroleptic


stops hallucinations in schizophrenia

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Ativan

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??

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positive and negative symptoms of shizophrenia

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positive:auditory hallucinations and paranoia

negative: withdrawal and apathy

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ECT

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Electroconvulsive Therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

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psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

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lobotomy

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a now-rare psychosurgery procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.