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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognition |
All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |
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Concept |
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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Prototype |
A mental image or best exaple of a catagory. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories |
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Algorithm |
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that gatantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error prone use of heuristics |
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Heuristic |
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. Usually speedier but more error prone |
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Insight |
A sudden realization of a problems solution. (Eureka!) |
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Confirmation bias |
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
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Mental set |
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way. Often in a way that has been successful in the past |
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Intuition |
An effortless ,immediate , automatic thought or feeling. |
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Availability heuristic |
Estimating the likelihood of events based on thrir availability in memory. If instances come to mind more often then we believe that the event is common |
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Overconfidence |
The tendency to be more confident than correct. To over estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
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Belief perseverance |
Clinging to one's initial conception after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
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Framing |
The way an issue is posed. How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |
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Creativity |
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas |
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Convergent thinking |
Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution |
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Divergent thinking |
Expanding the number of possible problem solutions. Creative thinking that diverges in different directions |
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Language |
Our spoken , written , or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning |
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Morpheme |
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning. May be a word or a pary of a word (prefix/suffix) |
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Phoneme |
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
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Grammar |
In a language , the system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. |
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Babbling stage |
Beginning at about 4 months. The stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
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One word stage |
The stage in speech development. From about age 1 to 2. During which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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Two word stage |
Beginning at around age 2. the stage in speech durinf which a child speaks mostly in two word statements |
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Telegraphic stage |
Early speach stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly noun and verbs (go car) |
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Aphasia |
Impairment of language. Usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to broca area (speaking) or to wernickle area (understanding ) |
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Broca area |
Controls language expression. An area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere that directs the muscular movement involved in speech |
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Wernickle area |
Controls language reception. a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression. Usually in the left temporal lobe |
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Linguistic determination |
Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
