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245 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what is attachment?
an intimate relationship that forms between a caregiver (almost always a mother) and an infant
bonding
an emotional attachment that between primary caregiver and infant within a few hours or days after birth
display rules
the learned social rules that govern who may display which emotion to whom, and in what situation each emotion may be displayed
emotional traits
an average of a person's emotional states
relational aggression or social aggression
damage to personal relationships, such as sulking , group exclusion, or the "silent treatment"
indirect aggression
harm created through indirect means, such as arranging for someone to be blamed for a serious mistake at work
Who would report more anger to being hit accidentally? boys or girls?
boys
who would report more anger to not being invited to a party, boys or girls?
girls
what is the distinction between emotional experience and emotional expression?
We all experience emotions, our emotional experience....however our emotional expression varies across cultures
what is contact comfort?
the security provided by physical contact with a soft, caring, or comforting object
What is egoistic dominance?
A form of dominance commonly seen in boys
What is prosocial dominance?
A form of social dominance commonly seen in girls
Who is of greater influential capacity to the other with boys and girls?
Boys. Girls are more easily influenced.
Are the group differences between boys and girls greater in childhood or adulthood?
childhood
Which conversation style works more towards agreement? mens or womens?
Womens
According to lecture, who talks more? men or women?
men
What is decoding? Which gender is better at it?
Accuracy in interpreting emotions and nonverbal cues. Women are better at decoding
What is sending? Which gender is better at it?
Accuracy in conveying emotions and nonverbal cues. Women are better at sending.
What is the childhood socialization theory?
o B and G adapt different communication styles specific to same sex play groups/dyads

o Sex difference decrease with age as M and W become more accommodating
What is the status theory?
o Sex differences due to status difference between M and W
• Interaction styles
• Language
• Influence
• NOT nonverbal behavior
What is the social role theory?
o Sex difference stem from different social roles
In the social role theory, what is meant by the agentic role?
instrumental social behavior
• Task behavior interaction style
• Direct language
in the social role theory, what is meant by the communal role?
The communal role is characterized by attributes, such as nurturance and emotional expressiveness, commonly associated with domestic activities, and thus, with women
companionate love
a combination of commitment and intimacy without passion
gross motor skills
skills involving use of large muscles of the body, producing large movements, such as throwing, kicking, running, jumping
machismo
a Spanish word meaning strong and assertive masculinity and implying complete male authority
matriarchy
a family patter in which women are dominant or a patter in which women are the head of the household due to the father's absence
What are the three points in Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?
Intimacy, Passion and Commitment
What are the different types of relationships that result from the combinations of the elements of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?
1. Liking (Intimacy)
2. Companionate Love (Intimacy + Commitment)
3. Romantic Love (Intimacy+passion)
4. Empty Love (Commitment)
5. Fatuous Love (Passion + Commitment)
6. Infatuated love (Passion)
7. Consumate Love (all 3 points)
What points of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love make up "liking"?
Intimacy
What points of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love make up "Companionate love"?
Intimacy + Commitment
What points of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love make up "Romantic Love"?
Intimacy + Passion
What points of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love make up "Empty Love"?
Commitment
What points of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love make up "Fatuous Love"?
Passion + Commitment
What points of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love make up "Infatuated Love"?
Passion
What points of Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love make up "Consummate Love"?
Passion + Commitment + Intimacy
What type of loves defined by Sternberg would be used to categorize a platonic friendship?
Companionate love
Which form of intimacy do boys and girls respectively take on when it comes to Activity Intimacy and Emotional Intimacy?
Boys tend to form friendships based on activities. Girls tend to form friendships that include emotional intimacy
Is there more intimacy in adolescence or in childhood?
adolescence
Which ethnicity places the lowest value on emotional communicatoin?
African-Americans
What is the Cool pose?
an exaggeration of the masculine role with violence and the suppression of emotion commonly seen in African-American men.
Studies of friendships in college confirmed that...
NO DIFFERENCE in the number or importance of friendships between men and women..

HOWEVER men's time spent with friends was more activity-based while women were more likely to "just talk"
Studies of friendships in the workplace confirmed that....
friendships were more likely to cross gender boundaries than ethnic boundaries
Studies of friendships in family life found that...
in early years of marriage, both spouses may relinquish other relationships to develop their marriage to focus on each other and/or the kids. The wives are more likely to stay in touch with their friends than the husbands are
Studies of friendships in the elderly found that...
the elderly need more practical support while their number of friends decreases due to death. Women become more numerous in the social networks of the elderly because men die at younger ages. THEREFORE, RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE ELDERLY ARE MORE "FEMALE-BASED"
Name an interesting point on the prominence of today's cross-gender relationships
1. they are a recent development that did not exist 100 years ago when Western societies were strongly gender segregated
What role does the Bem Sex Inventory play in cross-gender friendships?
Males with high femininity scores and Women with high masculinity scores are more likely to develop cross-gender friendships.
How have love relationships changed in Western Society? (use terms)
While before the feminization of love in the 1920's, Marriage was economical and all responsibility on maintain love was placed on the women while all responsibility of financial security was placed on men in ECONOMIC MODELS OF MARRIAGE.

Later, marriage took on a COMPANIONSHIP MODEL OF MARRIAGE based on personal compatability and romance.
What is the Companionship blueprint?
evidenced the rising lack of commitment with the higher instences of "Romantic Love"
What emerged out of the new emphasis on personal compatability and romance in the COMPANIONSHIP MODEL OF MARRIAGE?
Dating
Dating can be defined as ______
a form of courtship that brought with it a common format, having men and women playing apparently scripted roles.
What are 6 Desirable Male Characteristics?
◦ Honesty
◦ Warmth
◦ Affection
◦ Kindness
◦ Sense of humor
◦ Activity partner
What is meant by the Secure Relationship Style as defined by Hazan & Shaver?
Adults with a predominantly secure relationship style are generally comfortable depending on and being readily comforted by others.
What is meant by the Avoidant Relationship Style as defined by Hazan & Shaver
Dismissive-avoidant adults desire a high level of independence, often appearing to avoid attachment altogether.
What is meant by the Ambivelent Relationship Style as defined by Hazan & Shaver?
Ambivalent adults are insecure over their relationships and need a constant supply of affection
What does the Cancian blueprint consist of?
Companionship, Independence & Interdependence
What does the Independence blueprint in the Cancian blueprint emphasize? Are traditional gender roles maintained? Is the relationship stable? Who develops personal interests?
emphasizes self-development over commitment and obligations. No. No. Both partners.
What is the Cancian blueprint?
it details the several styles of marriage that now exist.
What does the Companionship aspect of the Cancian about? Are traditional gender roles maintained? Is the relationship stable? Who develops personal interests?
Devotion to each other. Yes. Yes. Men.
What does the Interdependence blueprint in the Cancian blueprint emphasize? Are traditional gender roles maintained? Is the relationship stable? Who develops personal interests?
Mutual dependence. No. Yes. Both partners.
Who has more traditional concepts of love and marriage? Men or Women?
Men
Who is more romantic, men or women?
Men
What are men's idealized romantc beliefs?
"Love lasts forever' and "There is one perfect love in the world for everyone"
What are women's idealized romantic beliefs?
physical symptons of love like "floating on a cloud"
What are men's attitudes towards marriage?
They are supposed to elude marriage, considering it a "trap"
What are women's attitudes towards marriage?
Planning and scheming to "land a husband"
What are three similarites between heterosexual and homosexual relationships?
 Need for long term, stable relationships
 Deep emotional attachments and commitment
 Relationship satisfaction
What are three differences between heterosexual and homosexual relationships?
 Household chores
 Resolution of conflict
 External support and social relationships
Are marriage rates going up or down?
down
Are divorce rates going up or down?
up
What are sources of conflict in cross-gender relationships?
Division of labor
Balance of power
Infidelity
Intimacy (demand/withdraw)
What are men's common motives for divorce?
 Failure to live up to ideal relationship
 Emotional intimacy (“I didn’t talk about my feelings/work”)
 Emotional support (physical affection)
What are women's common motives for divorce?
 Failure to live up to ideal relationship
 Emotional intimacy (“He didn’t talk about his feelings/work”)
 Work/family demands
 Infidelity
What is the distinction between common couples violence and intimate terrorism?
Common couples violence describes situations in which conflicts become physical fights. Intimate terrorism, on the other hand, is a severe form of violence used mostly by men to control their families.
celibacy
refraining from sexual activity
cunnilingus
oral stimulation of the female genitals
double standard for sexual behavior
the social standard that allows men greater freedom of sexual expression than women
fellatio
oral stimulation of the male genitals
incest
sexual activity between family members
monogomy
having only one sexual partner
representative sample
a sample of the population that reflects the characteristics of the population from which the sample was drawn
self-selection of participants
when participants rahter than researchers choose who will take part in the research
serial monogamy
the practice of having a series of monogamous sexual relationships
What are two methods of investigation in the study of sexuality?
Direct observation or survey
What are the problems of direct observation of sexual activity
Only a small percentage of people have been willing to have sex in a research labratory.
When was the Kinsey Survey done?
1938-1953
Name the early sex surveys.
 Ellis (1896-1928) wrote several books
 Mosher (1892) studied college women
What did Kinsey's results indicate?
1. That women enjoyed sex
2. That a substantial percentage of men had participated in male-male sexual behavior.
3. That children experienced sexual excitement and activity
4. That masturbation, premarital sex, and extramarital sex were common for both women and men.
5. Around 90% of the women in the study had experienced orgasm by age 35
6. Of the 10% who had not, another 8% reported experiencing sexual arousal, leaving only 2% of women who had failed to enjoy sexual activity, much lower than what people imagined.
What term did Kinsey use to describe male-male and female-female sexual behavior?
homosexual
In the Kinsey survey:
How many men reported having a sexual experience with another man? How many reported having exclusive sex with other men?
37%

13%
In the Kinsey survey:
How many women reported having a sexual experience with another woman? How many reported having exclusive sex with other women?
28%

7%
What are the controversies of the Kinsey survey?
Some say he had a disproportionate amount of gay men
In the Kinsey survey:
what percentage of women masterbated as children? what percentage of men?
14%. 45%.
In the Kinsey survey:
What percentage of married women masterbated? married men?
30%. 40%
What was Hunt's Playboy Foundation survey?
In the 1970's, the Playboy foundation commissioned a survey of sexual behavior in the United States, and in 1974, Morton Hunt reported the results in his book "Sexual Behavior in the 1970's"
What was the purpose of Hunt's Playboy Foundation Survey?
to update the Kinsey findings
How many participants took place in Hunt's Playboy Foundation Survey?
a representative sample of the U.S population numbering 2,026 subjects
What were the results of Hunt's Playboy Foundation Survey?
1. Confirmed the prevalence of masturbation with an even higher rate of preadolescent masturbation than Kinsey had found and a similar rate of masturbation in adulthood
2. Found a lower percentage and a different pattern of same-sex sexual activity than Kinsey had found, estimating 2% of men and 1% of women were exclusively homosexual
3. A higher percentage of people were engaging in a wider variety of sexual activity such as fellatio and cunnilingus
4. Found evidence for an increase in premarital, extramarital, and oral-genital sexual activity.
In Hunt's Playboy Foundation Survey, how many unmarried men and women respectively had engaged in unmarried intercourse?
97% of men and 67% of women
What were the National Health and Social Life Surveys?
Two major U.S. sex surveys appearing during the 1990s, one conducted by Samuel and Cynthia Janis (1993) and the other by a team headed by Edward Laumann, John Gagnon, Robert Michael, and Stuart Michaels (1994) for the National Opinion Research Center.
What did the results from the NHSLS reveal?
1. More liberal sexual standards regarding sex outside of marriage, but conservative standards regarding variety
2. Gender differences related to the experience of first intercourse. 28% of women but only 8% of men said they did not want to have intercourse at the time, but did so anyway
3. Men reported more varied sexual interests and behavior than women
4. Men were more likely to masturbate, but women were more likely to report feeling guilty about masturbating
What were two large gender differences found by the Kinsey surveys, Playboy Foundation survey and the NHSLS?
That males have a higher rate of masturbation and a greater acceptance of casual premarital sex.
What is the difference between explicit and implicit attitudes?
Explicit attitudes are attitudes that people are conscious of holding.

Implicit attitudes are those that are automatically activated yet not in conscious awareness.

Many people may hold implicit attitudes that differ from their explicit ones
What does the bogus pipeline attempt to do, how does it do so, and what does it result in?
The bogus pipeline attempts to attain more truthful responses by decreasing the tendency to conform to expectations. To do so, researchers lead participants to believe that their responses are monitored by a polygraph. The results suggest that men and women's sexual behavior are more similar than research has indicated, as each gender tends to report behavior according to gender expectations and social norms.
What were some sex surveys before Alfred Kinsey's groundbreaking survey in the 30s and 40s?
Henry Ellis wrote a series of books (1896-1928) in which he detailed the differences in sexual customs of various cultures. Found that people didn't reflect the Victorian social norms of repression and denial of sexuality. CLELIA DUEL MOSHER found similar results beggining in 1892
What is the Masters and Johnson's approach?
Obtaining physiological measurements that are not subject to the biases that self-reports are by studying sexual activity of nonhuman animals or enlisting the cooperation of people who are willing to fuck in a research labratory. William Masters and Virginia Johnson
What are the phases of sexual response according to Masters and Johnson?
1. Excitement Phase
2. Plateau Phase
3. Orgasm Phase
4. Resolution Stage
What hypothesis did Masters and Johnson dis confirm?
Freud's hypothesis that women experience two types of orgasm- clitoral and vaginal orgasm. Masters and Johnson's results disconfirmed this by showing that women experience only one type of orgasm-- a clitoral orgasm.
Ovaries are to testes as Clitoris is to ______
penis
What is the difference between exploration and exploitation in regard to sexual contact with children?
If sexual contact between children close to the same age, it is EXPLORATION..

If a child has sexual contact with an adult or adolescent at least 5 years older it is EXPLOITATION or sexual abuse
How many girls and boys respectively have experienced sexual abuse?
25% of girls and 10% of boys
Who instigates sexual abuse more frequently, women or men?
men
What is the most common type of sexual abuse?
stepfathers or mother's boyfriends abusing the mother's daughter. (17% of stepdaughters were molested by their stepfathers whereas only 2% of daughters were molested by their biological fathers)
What is the most damaging form of sexual abuse?
molestation of the daughter or daughter-figure by the father or father-figure
fear of success
negative consequences associated with success
sexual harassment
unwanted sexual attention
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
The federal act that prohibited educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating on the basis of gender
What are some stereotypical gender roles promoted by the early schooling experience?
2% of early childhood educators are men. Teachers encourage gender segregation.
What is a gender learning problem in early schooling years?
There is too much female-oriented behavior.

Easier for girls, Harder for boys....However, more instrumental for boys than for girls
fear of success
negative consequences associated with success
sexual harassment
unwanted sexual attention
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
The federal act that prohibited educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating on the basis of gender
What are some stereotypical gender roles promoted by the early schooling experience?
2% of early childhood educators are men. Teachers encourage gender segregation.
What is a gender learning problem in early schooling years?
There is too much female-oriented behavior.

Easier for girls, Harder for boys....However, more instrumental for boys than for girls
Which gender is more interested in physical science in middle school?
boys
What majors are common for girls and what majors are common for boys in college?
Girls - education and social science
Boys - engineering and physical science
Brown vs. Board of Education
was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities.
gender harassment
a type of sexual harassment that occurs when people are subjected to offensive or hostile behavior because of their gender
glass ceiling
the invisible barrier that seems to prevent women and ethnic minorities from reaching the highest levels of their profession
hostile environment sexual harassment
the type of sexual harassment that occurs when employers allow offensive elements to exist in the work environment
quid pro quo sexual harassment
sexual harassment in the form of demands for sexual favors in exchange for employment or promotion
sex role spillover
the hypothesis that gender role characteristics spill over into the workplace, creating stereotyping and a sexualized atmosphere
sexual harassment
unwanted sexual attention.
token
a symbol, or example, in this case, of a minority group.
What is the Ecological model and who was it proposed by and when?
The Ecological model was proposed by Ellen Cook and Mary Heppner in 2002, which situates a person within an environment and acknowledges the influence of environmental as well as individual factors in career development.
Define the three types of sexual harassment.
Quid Pro Quo - demands sexual favors as condition for employment and/or promotion

Hostile environment - unwanted sexual attention with offensive and hostile behavior


Gender harassment - when people are subjected to offensive or hostile behavior because of their gender
what is the sticky floor?
refers to women who are trapped in low-wage, low mobility jobs in state and local government
what is the glass escalator?
he rapid promotion of men over women, especially into management, in female-dominated fields such as nursing.[citation needed]Men in these fields are promoted with ease – they actually have to struggle not to advance due to facing invisible pressures and expectations to move up from where they currently are. This is based on traditional gender roles and stereotypes that men are expected to be in the chief roles, while women are to be in the subordinate positions. Therefore, in the fields where men are less common, they receive differential treatment that favors them to exert their authority and control in the workplace.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
a group of diseases involving the heart and circulatory system, some of which are life threatening; heart attack and stroke are the most common
What are the most common diseases within the term cardiovascular disease?
heart attack and stroke
chronic diseases
health problems that develop over a period of time, often without noticeable symptoms, and persist over time without a complete recovery.
morbidity
illness
mortality
death
osteoporosis
the process of bone demineralization, resulting in greater likelihood of orthopedic problems and injuries.
risk factor
any condition or factor that increases the probability that an illness will develop.
Who has a higher rate of morbidity, men or women?
Women
Who has a greater life expectancy, men or women?
women
What are possible explanations of the gender differences in mortality and morbidity?
o Women’s reproductive health requires more medical attention
o Women suffer more minor health issues than M en
Is it more acceptable for men or women to seek medical help?
Women
Do more men die of cancer or CVD? what about women?
CVD. Cancer.
What factor does the Sturdy Oak component of the male gender role play in men's avoiding health care?
feelings of invulnerability and the belief that illness represents weakness lead men to ignore their health.
What prompts women to seek medical care?
reproduction and contraception concerns.
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
CVD
Who dies from CVD younger, men or women?
men
Cardiovascular disease is one of the chronic diseases: True or False.
True
What are risk factors for CVD?
high blood pressure
smoking
high-fat diet
How are women with CVD treated in the medical system?
poorly
Who has higher overall death rates from cancer, women or men?
men
What is a major risk factor of lung cancer?
cigarette smoking
What two risk factors each account for a third of all cancers?
use of tabacco and diet.
What is most common cancer for women?
Breast Cancer
What is the most common cancer in men?
Prostate Cancer
What is the 2nd leading cause of death in the US?
Cancer
What are viral STDs?
STDS that can not be cured with antibiotic therapy and thus, cannot be fully eradicated from the body and exists throughout the victim's life. Prevention is the most effective approach to viral STDs.

Genital Warts, HIV, genital herpes, viral hepatitas.
What are fungal STDs?
Yeast infection STDs
What are parasitic STDs?
covers the STDs that don't fit into neat species or treatment categories.
What are bacterial STDs?
Most bacterial STDs are responsive to treatment with antibiotics, and are therefore considered "curable." However, remember that some bacterial STDs are not eradicated before they cause permanent physical damage. Also, bacteria have the ability to develop resistance to certain antibiotic therapies. Therefore, as with all STDs, prevention against bacterial STDs is the best strategy toward dealing with them.

ghonerria, chlamydia, syphilis and chancroid.
What are the four groups of STDs?
bacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral
Who is at greater risks for reproductive diseases, men or women?
women
What is menopause?
when women lose their fertility; they cease ovulation and menstruation, and their production of estrogen and progesterone declines
Who is more likely to use food as comfort, men or women?
women
True or False: Men are more likely to diet than to exercise?
False.
Are women more likely to diet or to exercise in their quest for an ideal body image?
diet
Is osteoporosis more common among women or men?
Women
Agoraphobia
a phobic disorder characterized by anxiety about being in places or situations in which escape might be difficult or embaressing
coping
the process of changing thoughts and behaviors to manage situations hat involve potential stressors
culture-bound syndromes
patterns of abnormal behavior that are unique to a specific cultural group.
dependant personality disorder
a type of personality disorder that features excessive desires to be cared for combined with submissive, clinging behaviors and fear of seperation
dysthymia
diagnosis within the category of mod disorders that is applied to milder but chronic symptoms of depression, including depressed mood, loss of interest and pleasure, or other symptoms over an extended period, often for months or years
histrionic personality disorder
a type of personality disorder that is characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior, beggining in early adulthood and appearing in a variety of situations
panic attack
one of the anxiety disorders, characterized by periods of intense fear that occur without any fear-provoking situation and accompanied by physical signals of distress
paraphilias
a type of sexual disorder characterized by intense sexual feelings in response to objects or situations that are unusual
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
a controversial diagnostic category that appears in an appendix of DSM-IV. Its symptoms are those of premenstrual syndrome, and the broad description of these symptoms presents the possibility that vast numbers of women could be diagnosed as mentally ill. Basically a dramatic form of post-menstrual syndrome (PMS)
Are women or men more likely to experience agoraphodbia?
Women are twice as likely
psychoactive substances
drugs that affect thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
shizotypical personality disorder
a personailty disorder characterized by pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior.
somatofrom disorders
a classification of disorders that includes problems with physical symptoms of disease but with no physical basis for these symptoms.
stress
a response that occurs when circumstances place people in situations that tax or exceed their resources and endanger their well-being.
What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)?
s published by the American Psychiatric Association and provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders.
What is true about gender roles and personality disorders?
W with psychopathology consistent with M gender role and M with psychopathology consistent with F gender role more likely to be diagnosed as deviant and hospitalized
What are 3 personality disorders consistent with the feminine gender role, diagnosed more in women?
o Dependent personality disorder
o Borderline personality disorder
o Histrionic personality disorder
What are 3 personality disorders consistent with the masculine gender role, diagnosed more in men?
o Antisocial personality disorder
o Paranoid personality disorder
o Narcissistic personality disorder
Who gets major depression and dysthymia more often, men or women?
women
What is a cognitive contribution to depression that women are more likely to do?
• Rumination - dwelling on problems and negative feelings tends to amplifly the feelings which can lead to depression
What effects do hormones have on depression in men?
Among men with low testosterone levels, the lower the levels, the higher the depression. Among men with high ttestosterone levels, the higher the levels, the higher the depression.
Who is diagnosed and recieves more treatment for alcohol and drug abuse, men or women?
Men
Who is more like to abuse perscription drugs, men or women?
women
What relationship does alcohol have with depression?
A direct one.
Are specific phobias more common in men or women?
Women
Is OCD more common in men or women?
Equal.
Who experiences Post-traumatic stress disorder more frequently, men or women?
women
Who has a higher rate of anxiety disorders, men or women?
Women
What is somotaform, and is more commonly diagnosed in women or men?
Imagined physical symptoms of disease, more common in Women
What is a common form of somotaoform disorder?
hysteria, now called Conversion disorder...
9very common in women)
Is pedophillia more common in men or women?
Men
Is sexual dysfunction more common in men or women?
women
Who is more likely to recieve outpatient treatment? men or women?
women
who is more likely to recieve in hospital treatment? men or women?
men
What are humanistic treatments and how might they be gender biased?
o The goal is for the patient to reach full potential. Therapists provides unconditional acceptance, empathy and congruence
o Gender bias: Focuses on the individual; does not consider social context. Therapist’s personal standards may be sexist.
Define psychoanalysis treatments and how they might be gender biased.
o Bring repressed material from unconscious to conscious
o Gender bias: M are the standard; W are flawed M
Define Cognitive-behavioral treatments and how they can be gender biased.
o Mal-adaptive thought processes, modify behavior
o Gender bias: Possibility of sexist standards and reinforcement of traditional gender roles
Define medical treatments.
o Intervention of biological processes
Are psychoactive drugs more commonly prescribed to men or women?
women
Define Medical Treatments and how they can be gender biased.
o Intervention of biological processes.

o W and M may receive diagnosis and treatment that is consistent with traditional gender stereotypes not their actual condition
What are four possible gender biases in therapy?
• Sexist use of psychoanalytic concepts
• Fostering traditional sex roles
• Devaluing women’s potential
• Viewing women as sex objects
Explain two forms of gender sensitive therapy.
• Feminist therapy
o Combines feminist goals and traditional therapy
o Focuses on fulfillment of potential and empowerment
• MASTERY
o A counseling approach for traditional men that is similar to feminist therapy
behavior modification
the application of principles of operant conditioning to behavior, with the goal of changing undesirable behavior to more acceptable alternatives
electroconvulsive therapy
the application to the brain of electric current sufficient to induce a convulsion, which for unknown reasons produces therapuetic effects.
repression
a defense mechanism used to push troubling material from the conscious into the unconscious
Explain these types of stresses as they relate to gender differences:

1. Marriage
2. Parent
3. Work
1. affect both men and women
2. affects women more
3. affects both men and women
What are four sources of stress and risks factors for mental disorders in men and women?
1. Family Roles
2. Violence
3. Gender discrimination
4. Poverty
Define six examples of coping strategies.
1. Seeking social support - talking to people that can help and sympathize
2. Problem-focused - analyzing and planing a strategy to solve the problem
3. Emotion-focused - becoming upset and expressing negative feelings
4. Denial - refuse to accept the reality of the problem and try to ignore it
5. Turn to religion - seeking god's help and praying
6. Disengagement - working on other activities, sleeping more than usual, engaging in distracting activities and escaping with alcohol and drugs
Define a typical female response to stress.
"Tend and Befriend"
o Tend: nurturing activities to protect oneself or one’s kids – reduce stress
o Befriend: Creation and maintenance of social networks – promote safety and reduce stress
Define a typical male response to stress.
• Fight or Flight Response

o Physiological/Psychological response to a (physical/mental) threat
o Stay and “fight” or “flee” the scene
o Automatic involuntary response
What is learned helplessness?
o Expectation of failure--based on previous experiences
o Learn to be helpless victim
o Characteristic of depression
What is the achievement motive and who defined the term, when?
McClelland (1953)

o A stable personality characteristic that reflects the tendency to strive for success.
The achievement motive introduced by David McClelland...

How do those with high N-Ach act? Low N-Ach?
refers to an individual's desire for significant accomplishment, mastering of skills, control, or high standards. The term was introduced by the psychologist, David McClelland.

Need for Achievement is related to the difficulty of tasks people choose to undertake. Those with low N-Ach may choose very easy tasks, in order to minimise risk of failure, or highly difficult tasks, such that a failure would not be embarrassing. Those with high N-Ach tend to choose moderately difficult tasks, feeling that they are challenging, but within reach.
What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
• Measures achievement motive in individuals
• Story coded for achievement related themes
• Success, striving, challenge, accomplishment, assertiveness, competitiveness, independence
Who has higher n achievement motivations, men or women?
Men
What is Horner's Fear of Success?
(1972)
o The association of negative consequences with achievement, motive to avoid success.
Is Fear of Success more common in men or women?
women
What two factors are required to have the "Fear of Success"?
• Individual must believe achievement is possible
• Individual must associate achievement with negative consequences
How can one test for "Fear of Success"?
o Projective Story Telling Method
What is the Projective Story Telling Method?
• Stories coded for evidence of negative consequences of success, conflict about success, denial of success
When do men get "fear of success"?
when they choose nontraditional careers
is self-esteem predictive of academic achievement?
NO
Explain the gender differences of self-esteem.
men have slightly higher self-esteem
Compare and contrast self-esteem and self-confidence.
self-esteem is the global evaluation of one's self and self-confidence is our belief about our own ability to complete a task successfully that affects what tasks we choose to do and how long we persist on them.

High self-esteem may contribute to self-confidence
Talk about the gender differences of self-confidence.
• M report being more confident in their abilities to do masculine tasks
• W report being more confident in their abilities to do feminine tasks
What are attributions?
o Explanations for success and failure that affect future behavior
Locus of Causality.
A dimension used in attribution theory that relates to a competitor's perception of the cause of success or failure.

• Internal: I am the cause of my success/failure (ability or effort)
• External: Someone or something else is the cause of my success/failure (luck/ task characteristics)
Give examples for the eight combinations of locus, stability, and responsibility in Weiner's model of attributions.
Internal-stable-uncontrollable (ex) Low aptitude

Internal-stable-controllable (ex) Never studies

Internal-unstable-uncontrollable (ex) Sick the day of the exam

Internal-unstable-controllable (ex) Did not study for the particular test

External-stable-uncontrollable (ex) School has hard requirements

External-stable-controllable (ex) Instructor is biased

External-unstable-uncontrollable (ex) Bad luck

External-unstable-controllable (ex) Friends failed to help (Woolfolk, 1995, pp. 346-347)
What is stability in Weiner's model of attributions?
whether the cause stays the same or can change
o Achievement related choices are a function of:
• Expectancy: Will I succeed?
• Value: Is this (subject) important to me?
What influences expectancy and value as it relates to achievement related choices?
• What we choose to do
• How long do it
• The outcome