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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emotion
289 |
A psychological state with four components: (1)a positive or negative subjective experience (2)bodily arousal (3)the activation of specific mental processes and stored information (4)characteristic behavior
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basic emotion
291 |
an innate emotion that is shared by all humans, suchas surprise, happiness, anger, fear, disgust, or sadness
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facial feedback hypothesis
295 |
the idea that emotions arise partly as a result of the positioning of facial muscles
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misattribution of arousal
296 |
the failure to interpret signs of bodily arousal correctly, which leads to the experience of emotions that ordinarily would not arise in the particular situation
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display rule
300 |
a culture specific rule that indicates when, to whom, and how strongly certain emotions can be shown
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motivation
306 |
the set of requirements and desires that lead an animal (including a human) to behave in a particular way at a particular time and place
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drive
308 |
an internal imbalance that motivates animals (including humans) to reach a particular goal that will reduce the imbalance
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homeostasis
308 |
the process of maintaining a steady state, in which bodily characteristics and substances are within a certain range
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incentives
309 |
a stimulus or event that draws animals (including humans) toward a particular goal in anticipation of a reward
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learned helplessness
310 |
condition that occurs after an animal has an aversive experience in which nothing it does can affect what happens to it , and so simply gives up and stops trying to change the situation or escape
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need
310 |
a condition that arises from the lack of a requirement; needs give rise to drives
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want
310 |
a condition that arises when you have an un met goal that will not fill a requirement;want turn goals into incentives
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deprived reward
311 |
reward that occurs when a biological need is met
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nondeprived reward
311 |
reward that occurs not when a need is being met, but rather when a want is being satisfied
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need for achievment (nAch)
312 |
the need to reach goals that require skilled performance or competence to be accomplished
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metabolism
315 |
the sum of the chemical events in each of the bodys cells, events that convert food molecules to the energy needed for the cells to function
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insulin
317 |
a hormone that stimulates the storage of food molecules in the form of fat
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set point
318 |
the particular body weight that is easiest for an animal (human) to maintain
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sexual response cycle
321 |
the stages the body passes through during sexual activity, including sexual attraction, desire, excitement, and possibly performance (which includes full arousal, orgasm, and resolution)
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androgens
322 |
sex hormones that cause many male characteristics such as beard growth and low voice
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estrogens
322 |
sex hormones that cause many female characteristics such as breast development and the bone structure of the female pelvis
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personality
334 |
a set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive tendencies that people display over time and across situations and that distinguish individuals from eachother
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psychological determinism
334 |
the view that all behavior , no matter how mundane or insignificant, has an underlying psychological cause
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id
335 |
proposed by freud: personality structure that exists at birth and houses sexual and aggressive drives, physical needs and simple psychological needs
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ego
335 |
freud: a personality structure that develops during childhood and tries to balance the competing demands of the id, superego, and reality
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superego
335 |
freud: a personality structure that is formed during childhood and houses the sense of right and wrong, based on the internalization of parental and cultural morality
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psychosexual stages
336 |
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. Freud's developmental stages based on erogenous zones; the specific needs of each stage must be met for its successful resolution
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neurosis
336 |
an abnormal behavior pattern relating to a conflict between the ego and either the id or the superego
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defense mechanism
337 |
an unconscious psychological means by which a person tries to prevent unacceptable thoughts or urges from reaching conscious awareness
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repression
338 |
a defense mechanism that occurs when the unconscious prevents threatening thoughts, impulses, and memories from entering consciousness
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castration anxiety
336 |
a boy's fear that because of his love for his mother and hate for his father, his father will cut off his penis (the primary zone of pleasure)
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self-actualization
339 |
an innate motivation to attain the highest possible emotional and intellectual potential
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unconditional positive regard
340 |
acceptance without any conditions
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personality trait
341 |
a relatively consistent characteristic exhibited in different situations
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Big Five
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the five super factors of personality: extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness-determined by factor analysis
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personality inventory
346 |
a paper and pencil method for assessing personality. The test taker reads statements and indicates whether each one is true or false about themselves
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social desirability
346 |
A source of bias in responding to questions on personality inventories that occurs when people try to make themselves "look good" even if it means giving untrue answers
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2
(MMPI-2) |
a personality inventory primarily used to assess psychopathology
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Projective test
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method to assess personality and psychopathology that involves asking the test-taker to make sense of an ambiguous stimulus
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Rorschach test
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projective test consisting of inkblots that people are asked to interpret
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Thematic Apperception Test
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projective test consisting of detailed black and white drawings, various elements of which people are asked to explain
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Temperament
349 |
innate inclinations to engage in a certain style of behavior
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Sociability
349 |
a temperament dimension characterized by a preference for being in other people's company rather than alone (similar to extraversion)
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Emotionality
349 |
a temperament dimension characterized by an inclination to become aroused in situations in which the predominant emotion is distress, fear, or anger
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Activity
349 |
a temperament dimension characterized by the general expenditure of energy, which has two components: vigor (intensity of the activity) and tempo (speed of the activity)
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Impulsivity
350 |
a temperament dimension characterized by the tendency to respond to stimuli immediately, without reflection or concern for consequences
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expectancies
360 |
expectations that have a powerful influence on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors and, in turn, on personality
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locus of control
360 |
the source a person perceives to be exerting control over life's events
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self efficacy
361 |
the sense of being able to follow through and produce specific desired behaviors
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maturation
377 |
the developmental process that produces genetically programmed changes with increasing age
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zygote
377 |
a fertilized ovum (egg)
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embryo
378 |
a developing baby from the point where the major axis of the body is present until all major structures are present, spanning from about two weeks to eight weeks after conception
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fetus
378 |
developing baby during the final phase of development in the womb from about eight weeks after conception until birth
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teratogen
379 |
any external agent, such as a chemical, virus, or type of radiation, they can cause damage to the zygote, embryo, or fetus
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nativism (approach to language)
388 |
the view that people are born with some knowledge. Noam Chomsky
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language acquisition device (LAD)
388 |
and innate mechanism, hypothesized by Chomsky, that contains the grammatical rules common to all languages and allows language acquisition
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child directed speech (CDS)
388 |
speech by caregivers to babies that relies on short sentences with clear pauses, careful enunciation, exaggerated intonation, and a high-pitched voice
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overextensions
390 |
and overly broad use of a word to refer to a new object or situation
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underextension
390 |
and overly narrow use the word to refer to an object or situation
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telegraphic speech
390 |
speak that packs a lot of information into a few words, typically omitting words such as the, a, and of
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overregularization error
390 |
a mistake that occurs in speech because the child applies a newly learned rule even to cases where it does not apply
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critical period
390 |
a narrow window of time when a certain type of learning or some aspect of development is possible
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schema
392 |
in Piaget's theory, a mental structure that organizes perceptual input and connects it to the appropriate responses
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assimilation
392 |
in Piaget's theory, the process that allows the use of existing schemas to take in new sets of stimuli and respond accordingly
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accommodation
393 |
in piaget's theory, a process that results in schemas changing as necessary to cope with a broader range of situations
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object permanence
393 |
the understanding of objects (including people) continue to exist even when they cannot be immediately perceived
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conservation
394 |
the Piagetian principle that certain properties, such as amount or mass, remains the same even when the appearance of the material or object changes, provided that nothing is added or removed a
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egocentrism
394 |
in Piaget's theory, the inability to take another person's point of view
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concrete operation
395 |
in Piaget's theory, a (reversible) manipulation of the mental representation of an object that corresponds to an actual physical manipulation
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formal operation
395 |
in Piaget's theory, a mental act that can be performed (and reversed) even with an abstract concept
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self-concept
399 |
the beliefs, desires, values, and attributes that define a person himself or herself
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puberty
404 |
the time when hormones cause the sex organs to mature and secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts for women and a beard for men, to appear
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adolescence
404 |
the period between the onset of puberty and, roughly, the end of the teenage years
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longitudinal study
413 |
a study in which the same group of people is tested repeatedly, at different ages
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cross-sectional study
413 |
a study in which different groups of people are tested, with each group composed of individuals of a particular age
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psychosocial development
414 |
the effects of maturation and learning on personality and relationships
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psychological disorder
475 |
the presence of a constellation of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that create significant distress; impair work, school, family, relationships, or daily living; or lead to significant risk of harm
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psychosis
476 |
and obvious impairment in the ability to perceive and comprehend events accurately, combined with a gross disorganization of behavior
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hallucinations
476 |
sensory images so vivid that they seem real
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delusions
476 |
entrenched false beliefs that are often bizarre
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diathesis- stress model
477 |
a way of understanding the development of a psychological disorder, in which a predisposition to a given disorder (diathesis) and specific factors (stress) combine to trigger the onset of the disorder
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mood disorders
483 |
a category of disorders marked by persistent or episodic disturbances in emotion that interfere with normal functioning in at least one realm of life
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major depressive disorder (MDD)
483 |
a mood disorder characterized by at least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest in nearly all activities, along with sleep or eating disturbances, loss of energy, and feelings of hopelessness
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why polar disorder
485 |
a mood disorder marked by one or more episodes of either mania or hypomania, often alternating with periods of depression
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manic episode
485 |
a period of at least one week during which an abnormally elevated, expensive, or irritable mood persists
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attributional style
488 |
a person's characteristic way of explaining life events
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anxiety disorders
490 |
a category of disorders whose hallmark is intense or pervasive anxiety or fear, or extreme attempts to avoid these feelings
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generalized anxiety disorder
490 |
an anxiety disorder whose hallmark is excessive anxiety and worry that is not consistently related to a specific object or situation
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panic attack
491 |
an episode of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by physical and psychological symptoms such as palpitations, breathing difficulties, chest pain, fear of impending doom or of doing something uncontrollable, and a sense of unreality
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panic disorder
491 |
an anxiety disorder whose hallmark is panic attacks or fear and avoidance of such attacks
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agoraphobia
491 |
the condition in which people fear or avoid places that might be difficult to leave should panic symptoms occur
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obsession
494 |
a recurrent and persistent thought, impulse or image that feels intrusive and inappropriate and is difficult to suppress or ignore
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compulsion
494 |
a repetitive behavior or mental act that an individual feels compelled to perform in response to an obsession
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schizophrenia
499 |
as a psychotic disorder in which the patients affect, behavior, and thoughts are profoundly altered
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positive symptom
499 |
an excess or distortion of normal functions, such as a hallucination
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negative symptom
499 |
a loss of normal functions, such as a restriction on speech
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social selection
503 |
the tendency of the mentally disabled to drift to the lower economic classes; also called social drift
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social causation
503 |
the chronic psychological and social stresses of living in an urban environment that may lead to an increase in the rate of schizophrenia (especially among the poor)
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personality disorders
511 |
category of disorders in which relatively stable personality traits are inflexible and adaptive, causing distress or difficulty with daily functioning
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antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
513 |
a personality disorder characterized by a long-standing pattern of disregard for other people to the point of violating their rights
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social psychology
560 |
the subfield of psychology that focuses on how people think about other people and interact in relationships and groups
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social cognition
561 |
the area of social psychology that focuses on how people perceive their social worlds and how they attend to, store, remember, and use information about other people and the social world
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cognitive dissonance
563 |
the uncomfortable state that arises because of a discrepancy between an attitude and behavior or between two attitudes
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mere exposure effect
565 |
the change -- generally favorable -- in attitude that can result from simply becoming familiar with something
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social cognitive neuroscience
566 |
subfield of psychology that attempts to understand social cognition not only by specifying the cognitive mechanisms that underlie it, but also by discovering how those mechanisms are rooted in the brain
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ingroup
568 |
an individuals own group
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outgroup
568 |
a group other than an individual's own
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recategorization
571 |
a means of reducing prejudice by shifting the categories of "us" and "them" so that the two groups are no longer distinct entities
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attribution
573 |
an explanation for the cause of an event or behavior
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internal attribution
573 |
an explanation of someone's behavior that focuses on the person's preferences, beliefs, goals, or other characteristics; also called dispositional attribution
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external attribution
573 |
an explanation of someone's behavior that focuses on the situation; also called situational attribution
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attributional bias
573 |
cognitive shortcut for determining attribution that generally occurs outside of conscious awareness
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correspondence bias
574 |
the strong tendency to interpret other people's behavior as due to internal (dispositional) causes rather than external (situational) ones
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self-serving bias
574 |
persons nation into a tribute to his or her own failures to external causes and other successes to internal causes, but to attribute other people's failures to internal causes and their successes to external causes
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passionate love
578 |
an intense feeling that involves sexual attraction, a desire for mutual love and physical closeness, arousal, and a fear that relationship will end
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companionate love
578 |
a type of love marked by very close friendship, mutual caring, liking, respect, and attraction
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triangular model of love
578 |
the theory that love has three dimensions: passion (including sexual desire), intimacy (closenes), and commitment
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deindividuation
581 |
the loss of sense of self that occurs when people in a group are anonymous
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compliance
585 |
a change in behavior prompted by a direct request rather than by social norms
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foot in the door technique
586 |
a technique that achieves compliance by beginning with an insignificant request, which is then followed by a larger request
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lowball technique
586 |
a compliance technique that consists of getting someone to make an agreement and then increasing the cost of that agreement
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door in the face technique
586 |
a compliance technique in which someone makes a very large request and then, when it is denied, as expected, makes a smaller request (for what is actually desired)
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group polarization
589 |
the tendency of group members opinions to become more extreme (in the same direction as their initial opinions) after group discussion
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compliance
585 |
a change in behavior prompted by a direct request rather than by social norms
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foot in the door technique
586 |
a technique that achieves compliance by beginning with an insignificant request, which is then followed by a larger request
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lowball technique
586 |
a compliance technique that consists of getting someone to make an agreement and then increasing the cost of that agreement
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door in the face technique
586 |
a compliance technique in which someone makes a very large request and then, when it is denied, as expected, makes a smaller request (for what is actually desired)
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group polarization
589 |
the tendency of group members opinions to become more extreme (in the same direction as their initial opinions) after group discussion
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Groupthink
589 |
the tendency of people who try to solve problems together to accept one another's information and ideas without subjecting them to critical analysis
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social loafing
590 |
the tendency to work less hard than responsibility for an outcome is spread over a group's members
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social facilitation
590 |
the increase in performance that can occur simply as a result of being part of a group or in the presence of other people
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altruism
591 |
the motivation to increase another persons welfare
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bystander effect
593 |
the decrease in offers of assistance that occurs as the number of bystanders increases
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diffusion of responsibility
593 |
to diminish sense of responsibility to help that each person feels as the number of bystanders grows
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phonology
229 |
the structure of the sounds that can be used to produce words in a language
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phoneme
229 |
the basic building block of speech sounds
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semantics
230 |
the meaning of a word or sentence
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morpheme
230 |
the smallest unit of meaning in the language
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propositional representation
231 |
on mental sentence that expresses the meaning of an assertion not the literal translation of words
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pragmatics
232 |
the way in which words and sentences in a language convey meaning indirectly, by implying rather than asserting
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linguistic relativity hypothesis
236 |
the idea that perceptions and thoughts are shaped by language, and thus people who speak different languages think differently
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mental images
237 |
representations like those that arise during perception, but based on stored information rather than on immediate sensory input
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typicality
241 |
the degree to which an entity is representative of its concept category
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Deductive reasoning
247 |
reasoning that applies the rules of logic to a set of assumptions (stated as premises) to discover whether certain conclusions follow from those assumptions; deduction goes to the general to the particular
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inductive reasoning
247 |
reasoning that uses examples to figure out a rule that governs them; indexing goes from the particular (examples) to the general (a rule)
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primary mental abilities
258 |
according to thirst own, seven fundamental abilities that are the components of intelligence and are not outgrowths of other abilities
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fluid intelligence
258 |
the kind of intelligence that underlies the creation of novel solutions to problems
Cattell and Horn |
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crystallized intelligence
258 |
the kind of intelligence that relies on knowing facts and having the ability to use and combined them
Cattell and Horn |
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emotional intelligence
260 |
the ability to understand and regulate emotions effectively
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theory of multiple intelligence
261 |
Gardner's theory of 8 distinct forms of intelligence, which can vary separately for a given individual
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microenvironment
268 |
the environment created by a persons own presence, which depends partly on appearance and behavior
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test bias
271 |
features of test items o himr design that lead a particular group to perform well or poorly and that thus invalidate the test
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