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218 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality
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enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions
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structured interview
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same exact questions
pre-planned |
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unstructured interview
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interviewer can ask anything
different questions for different people |
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observation
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methodological
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objective tests
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inventories
standardized questionnaires |
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MMPI
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
affirmed statements apply to self |
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10 scales of MMPI
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Hypochondria
Depression hysteria psychopathic deviate masculine-feminine paranoia psychastheria schizophrenia hypomania social introversion |
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hypochondria
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extreme health concerns
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depression
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lack of self-worth
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hysteria
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avoid responsibility by complaining
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psychopathic deviate
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extreme disregard for rules
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masculine-feminine
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acceptance of stereotypes
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paranoia
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delusional
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psychastheria
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OCD
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schizophrenia
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no connection between emotions and cognition
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hypomania
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overactivity
emotional excitement |
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social introversion
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withdrawn
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lie score
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indicates individual is lying to look good
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validity score
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careless or random responses
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correction score
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fake good or fake bad
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projective tests
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ambiguous
Rorschach Thematic Aperception |
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Rorschach inkblot test
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10 bilaterally symmetrical blots
complex scoring lacks reliability, validity |
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Thematic aperception test
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look at picture and make up story
lacks reliability and validity |
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trait
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characteristic used to describe someone
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Gordon Allport
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trait theorist
personality traits arranged in hierarchy |
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Raymond Cattell
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early trait theorist
30-35 basic traits used factor analysis |
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factor analysis
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statistical procedure for determining most basic factors in large amount of data
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Hans Eysenck
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early trait theorist
3 traits: extroversion/introversion neuroticism psychotism |
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Big Five Model
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continuum
Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to New Experiences Neuroticism |
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extraversion
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surgency
outgoing |
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agreeableness
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kind
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conscientiousness
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organized
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openness to new experiences
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intellect, culture
imaginative |
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neuroticism
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reversed as Emotional Stability
moody, anxious |
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Adler
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neo-Freudian
born with sense of inferiority what are we really good at? |
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inferiority complex
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develop in early childhood
helplessness/incompetence |
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first born
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greatest number of problems
lose all their power |
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middle
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dethrone 1st born
need for superiority |
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youngest
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least amount of power
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only child
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higher intellect
withdrawn |
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Jung
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neo-Freudian
more to unconscious than Freud thought |
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collective unconscious
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Jung
all humans share inherited unconscious |
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archetypes
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Jung
generic models of a person |
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animus
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archetype
masculine side of female |
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anima
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archetype
feminine side of male |
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shadow
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archetype
dark side |
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Horney
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neo-Freudian
feminism womb envy |
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womb envy
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man's envy of woman's ability to bear children
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Problems with Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytical Theorists?
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hard to test
sexist overemphasize biology and unconscious no cross-cultural support |
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Carl Rogers
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humanistic
the SELF is most important for personality |
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self-concept
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Carl Rogers
all beliefs an individual has about nature, qualities, and behavior |
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unconditional positive regard
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Carl Rogers
positive behavior towards someone no matter what |
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Abraham Maslow
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humanistic
self-actualization |
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self-actualization
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complete understanding of self
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Problems with Humanistic Theories?
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naive
hard to test narrowness |
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abnormal behavior
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pathological thought or action
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pathological
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disease or disordered
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How do you identify abnormal behavior?
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statistical infrequency
disability or maladaptive behavior distress social norm violation |
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Norms?
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wearing clothes
personal space |
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insanity
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legal term
cannot be held responsible for actions |
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supernatural view
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psychological disorders attributed to supernatural powers and possessions
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naturalistic view
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Hippocrates-Greek
madness is like any other sickness natural causes |
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four humors
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NATURALISTIC VIEW
blood yellow bile phlegm back bile |
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blood
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air
happy generous |
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yellow bile
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fire
violent vengeful |
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phlegm
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water
pale cowardly |
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black bile
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earth
melancholic lazy |
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view of middle ages?
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supernatural
Europeans |
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view of Arab cultures?
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naturalistic
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Late Middle Ages?
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public and private asylums established
horrible conditions |
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Philippe Pinel
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1793
director of Bicetre Hospital medical model of mental illness |
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medical model of mental illness
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diseases have physical causes
can be diagnosed, treated, cured |
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Dorothea Dix
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teacher from Boston
nationwide campaign for humane treatment of mentally ill |
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deinstitutionalization
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goal of 20th century
released mental patients from hospitals high homeless population was result |
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psychiatry
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branch of medicine
diagnosis, treatment, prevention of mental disorders |
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Thomas Szasz
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critic of medical model
must set norms to know abnormal separation of psychiatry and state government could abuse the power |
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David Rosenhan Study
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Sane in Insane Places
8 people admitted into hospitals "heard voices" released in schizophrenic remission |
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Can psychiatry distinguish sane from insane?
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NOOOO
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anxiety
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normal reaction to stress
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anxiety disorders
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unrealistic, irrational fear
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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chronic
excessive worry about nothing 4 million Americans twice as many women |
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How do you diagnose someone with Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
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they know they worry too much
worry for 6 months about everyday problems |
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Panic Disorder
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attacks of intense fear
can occur during sleep 2.4 million Americans twice as many women |
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How do you diagnose someone with Panic Disorders?
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difficulty breathing
dizzy heart palpitations peaks within 10 minutes also suffer from depression or substance abuse |
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comorbidity
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more than one disorder at the same time
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OCD
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3.3 million Americans
characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors equal among men and women |
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obsessions
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recurrent, unwanted thoughts
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compulsions
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repetitive behaviors
no pleasure from these |
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Phobia
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intense, irrational fear of specific object
avoid the object |
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agoraphobia
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fear of public places
don't like crowds history of panic attacks |
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simple phobia
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specific phobia
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social phobia
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self-consciousness
fear of public scrutiny |
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trephining
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supernatural view
boring holes in skull to release evil spirits |
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mood disorders
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extreme disturbances in emotional states
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depression
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mood disorder
sad mood feel worthless loss of interest in activities previously enjoyed |
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How to diagnose depression?
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change in appetite/weight
difficulty sleeping agitation energy loss recurrent thoughts of death or suicide |
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Major Depressive Disorder
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5 or more symptoms of depression
every day for 2 weeks |
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Dysthmic Disorder
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depressed for at least 2 years
1 year for kids must have 7 symptoms of depression |
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Bipolar Disorder
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Manic-Depressive
causes unusual shifts in persons mood develops in late adolescence |
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Symptoms of Mania
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high energy
racing thoughts, fast talking need little sleep increased sex drive abuse of drugs aggressive or provocative deny anything is wrong |
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How to diagnose Manic episode?
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3 or more symptoms for one week or longer
if irritable, must have 4 symptoms |
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hypomania
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mild to moderate levels of mania
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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perceptual symptoms
language and thought disturbances emotional disturbances behavioral disturbances |
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perceptual symptoms
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enhanced or blunted senses
sensory stimulation jumbled |
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hallucinations
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schizophrenia
sensory perceptions occurring without drugs |
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Are schizophrenics violent?
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RARELY.
most just want to be left alone |
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word salad
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extremely incoherent speech
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neologisms
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made up words
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delusions
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mistaken beliefs maintained even though there are facts to prove the contrary
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paranoid delusions
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false and irrational beliefs that you are being cheated, harassed, poisoned, or being conspired against
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delusions of grandeur
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believe you are famous or important
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delusions of reference
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unrelated events are given special significance
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tardive dyskinesia
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repetitive
involuntary purposeless movements |
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cataleptic
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uncomfortable stances for long periods of time
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waxy flexibility
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persons limbs remain frozen if they are moved by someone
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causes of schizophrenia
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close relative
neurotransmitters large ventricles decreased activity in brain regions |
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what neurotransmitters may cause schizophrenia?
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dopamine
glutamate |
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dissociative disorder
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result from avoiding painful situations
amnesia fugue multiple personalities |
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dissociative fugue
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loss of memory
assume new identity in new place |
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dissociative amnesia
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sudden loss of memory
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dissociative identity disorder
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multiple personalities in one person at different times
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personality disorder
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maladaptive traits that cause impairment of social and occupational functioning
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antisocial personality disorder
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lack of conscience
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symptoms of antisocial personality disorder?
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repeatedly breaking the law
lies a lot disregards safety lack of guilt |
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borderline personality disorder
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mood instability
poor self image codependent self-harming |
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dream analysis
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psychoanalysis
ego does not defend against urges of unconscious during sleep |
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manifest content
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conscious content of dreams
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latent content
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true meaning of dreams
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schizophrenia defined
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most chronic, disabling of severe mental illnesses
1% of population affects men earlier in life |
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psychotherapy
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treatment of psychological disorders through talking
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6 types of psychotherapy?
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psychodynamic
humanistic gestalt behavior cognitive-behavior group, family |
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psychoanalysis
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psychotherapy
seeks to help clients gain insight be recognizing unconscious thoughts and emotions |
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free association
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psychoanalysis
reporting whatever comes to mind without censoring |
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analyzing resistance
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psychoanalysis
avoid therapists attempt to bring threatening unconscious material into conscious |
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analyzing transference
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psychoanalysis
displace unconscious feelings onto therapist |
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interpretation
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psychoanalysis
psychoanalysts explanation of free association, dream analysis, analyzing resistance and transference |
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psychodynamic therapy
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modern form of psychoanalysis
less emphasis on unconscious more directive |
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Humanistic Therapy
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people with problems are blocked from reaching full potential
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goal of humanistic therapy
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maximize personal growth by adjusting clients emotional reactions
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Client Centered Therapy
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Carl Rogers
client determines conversation without judgment |
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4 aspects of client centered therapy
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empathy
unconditional positive regard genuineness active listening |
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empathy
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appreciation/understanding clients POV
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genuineness
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authenticity
able to share true feelings and thoughts |
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active listening
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listening with total attention
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reflection
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paraphrasing clients statements
noting accompanying feelings |
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Gestalt therapy
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active
get in touch with feelings |
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assumptions of gestalt therapy
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people create own versions of reality
psychological growth continues as long as they act on true feelings |
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Behavior Therapy
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classical and operant conditioning principles to change behavior
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systematic desensitization
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typical of phobias
client is taught to relax then ranks 10 anxiety-arousing images starts at bottom and works up, stopping of they get anxious |
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Behavior Therapy techniques
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systematic desensitization
modeling aversion therapy |
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flooding
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fear factor
go straight to phobia and deal with it |
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modeling
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demonstrating desirable behavior
therapist may hold roach in his hand |
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aversion therapy
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create negative response to stimulus
used for substance abuse |
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antabuse
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drug given to alcoholics so if they consume alcohol they get violently sick
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cognitive behavior therapy
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learning principles to help change way clients think
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rational emotive behavior therapy
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change self-defeating thoughts
replace irrational beliefs with more reasonable ones |
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Beck's Cognitive Therapy
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anxiety/depression
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what causes anxiety/depression according to Beck?
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errors in logic
false beliefs thoughts that minimize achievement |
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group
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several unrelated clients
have the same problem |
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advantages to group therapy
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see how clients interact
group atmosphere is more comfortable supportive environment |
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family therapy
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2+ individuals from same family
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goals of family therapy
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help individual problems
create more harmonious family atmosphere |
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biological treatments
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electroconvulsive therapy
psychosurgery psychoactive drugs |
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electro-convulsive therapy
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electrical shock to brain
for severe depression |
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improvements for ECT
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one side of brain at a time
patients given anasthetic lasts half a second |
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psychosurgery
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destroy tissue is small regions of brain
extremely rare destroys parts of frontal lobe that disrupts emotional reactions |
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prefrontal lobotomy
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2 holes drilled into skull
metal things twist and destroy brain matter |
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transorbital lobotomy
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go through space between skull and eyeball to destroy brain matter
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neuroleptics
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psychoactive drug
antipsychotics relieve symptoms of severe disorders |
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antidepressants
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trycyclics
MAOIs SSRIs atypical antidepressants |
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trycyclics
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act on neurochemical pathways
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monoamine oxidase inhibitors
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blocks enzyme that breaks down serotonin and other neurotransmitters
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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only affect serotonin levels
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antianxiety drugs
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atypical antidepressant
lower activity of sympathetic nervous system high chance of abuse |
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social psychology
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how others influence our thoughts and actions
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attribution
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principles used to judge causes of events, and our behavior
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attribution theory
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concerned with when and how people ask "why" questions
dispositional and situational |
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dispositional attribution
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more common
cause of a person's behavior is their personality internal |
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situational attribution
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external
cause of person's behavior has something to do with situation |
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errors of attribution
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make dispositional attributions
misjudge causes of behavior overestimate internal factors |
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perceptual salience
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the person that does the behavior is more obvious than the possible situation
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self-serving bias
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credit yourself for successes
blame others for failure |
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prejudice
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negative attitude toward members of a group simply because they are in that group
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discrimination
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negative actions toward groups that are targets of prejudice
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prejudice as an attitude?
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type of schema
strengthened over time ignore things that are inconsistent with schema |
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sources of prejudice
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implicit-simple exposure
saves cognitive effort evolution? |
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allport
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stereotyping is the "law of least effort"
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social learning view
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prejudice acquired through direct observation
internalization of norms |
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socialization
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children learn conventional rules of their surroundings
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social learning mechanisms
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children imitate
positive reinforcement for derogatory racial humor |
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realistic conflict
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prejudice can stem from competition over scarce resources
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MLK v. Bull Connor
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realistic conflict
Birmingham, AL 1963 let German Shepherds loose on protesters not wholly irrational |
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displaced aggression
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scapegoats
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Muzafer Sherif's Robber's Cave Experiment
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2 groups of young boys that once put together did not like each other
thought simple contact could reduce hostility |
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material conflict of robber's cave
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tournament
boys called each other names |
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superordinate goals
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goals that groups could not achieve alone so they had to work together
decline in name-calling |
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contact hypothesis
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simple contact does not reduce hostility
ex. desegregation |
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6 conditions for contact to reduce prejudice
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remove conflict
mutual interdependence equality informal contact typicality social norms |
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recategorization
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shifts in boundaries between an individuals in-group and some out-group
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common in-group identity model
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view people in your group more favorably
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why is prejudice decreasing?
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older people dying off
more educated |
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dissociation model
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people feel guilty when they notice a difference from the stereotype in their head
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conformity
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acting against your own beliefs to fit in
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social norms
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rules for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, etc.
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Asch's Conformity Study
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visual judgments
other "subjects" chose wrong line. 1/3 of people conformed with wrong majority |
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why do we conform?
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normative social influence
informational conformity reference groups negative referent power compliance |
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normative social influence
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want to be liked by others
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informational conformity
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use other people as a guideline
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reference groups
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people we like/admire
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negative referent power
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change behavior to dissociate with certain group
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compliance
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direct request from one person to another
basic form of influence |
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Ellen Langer
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copier study
called this "mindlessness" |
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obedience
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following direct commands from authority figure
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Stanley Milgram
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Yale study focusing on obedience
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Eichmann
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arrested for horrific acts committed during Holocaust
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What was the excuse at the Nuremburg trials?
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I was just following orders
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Teacher/ Learner Experiment
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30 switches, 15 volts to 450
also had written rating from slight to severe if learner gets question wrong they get a shock |
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Milgram's questionnaire and experiment results
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most thought only 1-2% would go all the way (sadists, psychos)
65% actually went all the way and no one stopped before 300. |
