Psychology Final

Front 1

What would be different, if anything, if psychologists wanted to repeatMilgram's study on obedience to authority today?

Back 1

It would be deemed unethical

Front 2

You are asked to "name all the uses you can think of for abrick," writing each one on a card. If you are working by yourself youwill probably come up with far more responses than if you are working as partof a group. This is most clearly an example of what psychologists call

Back 2

Social Loafing

Front 3

According to Asch's studies of conformity

Back 3

Conformity is maintained if the group size is greater than 3

Front 4

Larry believes that women like to talk and gossip more than men, andconcludes from this that women are more likely to talk on cellphones whiledriving. In an effort to conclude whether his hypothesis is valid, he thinksback to all the people he saw driving and talking on cell phones that morning.Which of the following threatens the validity of any conclusions Larry comesto?

Back 4

Confirmation Bias, memory

Front 5

In 1911, _________ coined the term "schizophrenia."

Back 5

Eugene Bleuler

Front 6

According to a 1994 survey, approximately what percentage of people willsuffer from some sort of psychological disorder at some point in their life?

Back 6

50%

Front 7

Where did the study of abnormal behavior (and eventually psychology) come from?

Back 7

Hippocrates OR Witchcraft and Demonology

Front 8

What was the impetus for Milgram's experiment?

Back 8

Psychologist's wanted to know is people would obey authority when asked to perform morally objectionable tasks

Front 9

In the classic experiment, Stanley Milgram measured obedience to authority by determining whether people would _____ when an experimenter told them to do so

Back 9

Shock the test subjects (obey/comply with authority)

Front 10

One person is most likely to come to the aid of a second person if the first person

Back 10

is alone

Front 11

A basketball game ends with a score of 155-13. The fans who paid to seethe game say it was exciting, but those who got in free say it was boring. Whatpsychological principle is probably responsible for the difference inreactions?

Back 11

cognitive dissonance

Front 12

The statement, “Hispanics eat spicy food” is an example of what?

Back 12

neutral stereotype

Front 13

Attributions that we adopt in an effort to maximize our credit forsuccess and minimize our blame for failure are called

Back 13

Self-serving bias

Front 14

What can we learn about the brain from a savant like Derek Paravacini

Back 14

To excel so profoundly in one aspect the brain must sacrifice proficiencyin other aspects.

Front 15

In comparing the emotion elicited by major vs. minor chords in music,what appears to be the explanation for why minor chords sound relatively sad?

Back 15

The minor third closely mimics human speech when the speech pattern isperceived to be sad.”

Front 16

The pattern of behavior or role that males andfemales are expected to follow is known as _______;the biological aspect of being male or female is known as _______.

Back 16

Gender... Sex

Front 17

Psychologists us primarily two kinds of personality test. What are they?

Back 17

Personality Inventory and Projective Tests (objective and projective tests)

Front 18

A psychic claims that he can read the minds of people on the planet Zipton, which is millions of light years away. The main scientific objection is that this claim

Back 18

is not falsifiable

Front 19

Any scientific study goes through 4 steps. Which of the following is NOT one of these steps?

Back 19

Proof

The steps are:

1. Hypothesis, 2. Interpretation, 3. Method, 4. testing, observation, theorize, etc...

Front 20

To say that a theory is parsimonious is to say that it

Back 20

makes simple, acceptable assumptions

Front 21

A psychologist wishes to investigate the effect of televised violence on aggressive behavior. Which of the following would be a practical operational definition of aggressive behavior?

Back 21

Some aggressive action that can be counted (EX: how many times a person punches a large plastic doll)

Front 22

Why do investigators sometimes repeat an experiment that other researchers have already completed?

Back 22

To check whether the results are replicable

Front 23

Some investigators claim they have taught monkeys to understand spoken English, but another scientist argues that the results might be due to a Clever Hans effect. What does this mean?

Back 23

The monkeys may be responding to subtle visual cues accidentally given by investigators

Front 24

In an effort to compare the mathematical abilities of men and women, an investigator administers a test to 100 male engineering majors and 100 women who answered an ad in the newspaper. What is wrong with this study?

Back 24

Lack of representative samples

Front 25

In order to study the attitudes of the people who live in Tennessee, Iobtain a copy of the census of that state and interview every 1,000th person onthat list. My procedure will provide an approximately

Back 25

Systematic random sample

Front 26

Student experimenters were told that a special diet makes rats learnfaster. They also knew that therats in Group A had the special diet and the rats in Group B had a regulardiet. The students tested all the rats in a maze, counting how many errors theymade. In fact, the scores showed that the rats in Group A had fewer errors thanthe rats in Group B. Which of the following problems is most likely to haveinfluenced the results?

Back 26

Experimenter bias

Front 27

An experimenter announces, "This is an experiment onhypnosis." Although the experimenter does not actually hypnotize anyone,most of the participants behave the way they believe hypnotized people do.These results are an apparent example of the effects of

Back 27

Demand characteristics

Front 28

The advantage of the experimental method as opposed to correlation studies is that an experiment

Back 28

Can lead to the discovery of cause-and-effect relationships, while correlational studies cannot prove causation

Front 29

Which of the following would best describe the kind of research a psychologist would use to study whether facial expressions have the same meaning for various people throughout the worlds?

Back 29

Cross-cultural theory

Front 30

The nervous system is made up of two types of cells called _____ and ______

Back 30

neurons, glial cells

Front 31

The information transmitted from an axon to another neuron can be either

Back 31

excitatory or inhibitory (on or off)

Front 32

Which of the following if NOT associated with REM sleep?

Back 32

delta wave activity

Front 33

Being deprives of slow-wave sleep results in:

Back 33

>Primarily physical effects (tired, fatigued, andhypersensitivity to pain)

> physical effects, with just a few nights ofdeprivation leaving people feeling tired, fatigued, and hypersensitive tomuscle and bone pain

Front 34

A friend has a big exam tomorrow; what's the best advice you can offer?

Back 34

Review the material then, at a reasonable hour, go directly to sleep

Front 35

Which of the following statements about sleeping medications is TRUE?

Back 35

They are effective in the short run, but not in the long-term, canbecome addictive and provide less quality of sleep, effective for short termtreatment of insomnia, can cause drug-dependency insomnia

Front 36

In the middle of an engaging conversation, your friend suddenly fallsover asleep. When he awakens, heinforms you that this has happened on several occasions. Your friend probablyhas a disorder known as:

Back 36

Narcolepsy

Front 37

The theory that suggests dreams are the mind's attempts to make sense ofrandom neural activity occurring in the brain during sleep is the:

Back 37

Activation-synthesis model

Front 38

The primary problem with Freud's approach to dream analysis is that:

Back 38

There are an infinite number of potential interpretations (dreams are not testable)

Front 39

During REM sleep, the motor cortex is activated, but the body is very still. This pattern occurs because ____ running through the brainstem ____ motor activation.

Back 39

Spinal neurons.... inhibits

Front 40

Which of the following drugs will animals not self-administer?

Back 40

Hallucinogens (PCP)

Front 41

Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by a deficiency in theactivity of the neurotransmitter

Back 41

Dopamine

Front 42

Brain surgery is sometimes conducted under local anesthesia while thepatient remains awake. During such surgery, suppose the surgeon lightlystimulates a few neurons in the patient's left parietal cortex. What will thepatient probably experience?

Back 42

Touch sensations somewhere in the right half ofthe body

Front 43

The area of the forebrain that relays sensory information (except forsmell) to the cerebral cortex is known as the

Back 43

Thalamus

Front 44

Which type of brainscanning technique provides a high-resolution image of brain activity by recording radioactivity from chemicalsthat are injected into the bloodstream?

Back 44

Positron emission tomography (PET scan)

Front 45

As light passes through the eye it is focused by the _______, whichalways focuses light in the same way, and the _______, which is flexible andenables focusing on objects at different distancesby varying its thickness.

Back 45

Cornea.... lens

Front 46

It is hard to perceive color when the light is dim, because vision indim light depends on the

Back 46

Rods

Front 47

About what percentage ofhumans are born with a blind spot in their retinas?

Back 47

100%

Front 48

If a drug prevents sodium from crossing the membrane of an axon, whatchanges in the activity of the neuron?

Back 48

It stops transmitting action potentials

Front 49

Nearly all illegal recreational drugs AND legal medical drugs (such asthose used to combat Parkinson'sdisease and depression) exert their effects at

Back 49

Synapses

Front 50

Receptor cells for hearing are found along a membrane within thecochlea. This membrane is called the_______ membrane.

Back 50

Basilar

Front 51

What happened to the sleep cycles of the people who spent a few weeks inMammoth Cave?

Back 51

Their sleep cycle adjusted to be about 25.1 hours in length

Front 52

Which kinds of animals tend to sleep more than others?

Back 52

Predators

Front 53

People suffering from narcolepsy

Back 53

can randomly fall asleep at any time

Front 54

When a sound comes fromdirectly overhead, it is difficult to localize because

Back 54

It reaches the two ears at the same time and withthe same intensity

Front 55

One study compared memory abilities in young adults and older adults atdifferent times of day. Early in the morning, the older adults performed_______ than the young adults; later in the day, the older adults performed_______ than the young adults.

Back 55

Equal or better ..... worse

Front 56

The evolutionary theory of sleep proposes that sleep evolves primarily as a means of

Back 56

Conserve energy

Front 57

An investigator who wished to identity whether a person is in stage 1, 2, 3, or 4 of sleep would probably rely on which device?

Back 57

EEG (Gross electrical potentials)

Front 58

Which of the following is NOT good advice for someone who is having trouble sleeping?

Back 58

Use sleeping pills

Front 59

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Back 59

Ivan Pavlov

Front 60

A nursing mother puts her baby to the breast as soon as she hears itcry. After a few days, her milkbegins to flow as soon as the baby cries. In terms of classical conditioning,what is the conditioned response?

Back 60

The flow of milk

Front 61

An event that decreases the probability of a response is known as

Back 61

Punishment

Front 62

You scan the night sky looking for meteors. Sometimes there is a brieftime period between meteors, butsometimes you have to wait for a long time after seeing a meteor until another oneappears. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Back 62

Variable interval

Front 63

Which of the following would a behaviorist be least likely to study?

Back 63

Human thought processes

Front 64

After a subject has developed a classically conditioned response, an investigator begins presenting the conditioned stimulus by itself. Which of the following is likely to occur?

Back 64

Extinction

Front 65

Why did Ebbinghaus usenonsense syllables in his memory experiments?

Back 65

because if he used real words, his priorexperience with those words might influence his memory (People have no previouslearning of nonsense syllables)

Front 66

After the end of the semester, certain students seem to have forgotteneverything they learned. To find out whether their amnesia is complete or onlypartial, their professor teaches them the material again to see whether theylearn any faster the second time than they did the first time. What kind of memory test is this?

Back 66

Savings (relearning) method

Front 67

The term "working memory" has been adapted by meany researchers to replace more traditional terms

Back 67

short-term memory

Front 68

You memorize twenty poems while your twin plays video games. Then bothof you memorize another poem and you forget it faster. Why did you forget itfaster

Back 68

Proactive Interference

Front 69

If asked to tell your social security number, you are being asked to perform a _____ memory test

Back 69

Free recall

Front 70

Remembering how to tie your shoes is an example of a ____ memory

Back 70

preocedural

Front 71

Although the patient H.M. suffered severe amnesia, he remained fairly nromal in his ability to learn ____.

Back 71

New skills

Front 72

Psychologists use the term _______ to refer to your tendency to respondto or to remember some stimuli morethan others at any given time.

Back 72

Attention

Front 73

Research indicated that becoming an expert on something requires

Back 73

about ten years of concentrated practice

Front 74

You work for the automobile club and you are asked to find the fastestway to get from Caribou, Maine, to Deadhorse, Alaska. There are thousandsof possible routes, but you decide to test only routes that stay mostly oninterstate highways and that appear to be fairly direct. Your way of solvingthe problem relies on

Back 74

Heuristics problem solving

Front 75

The system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure in alanguage is called ______ grammar.

Back 75

Transformational

Front 76

When an experimenter flashes the letter P on the screen for a splitsecond, you cannot identify it. Yet when the experimenter flashes PARK on thescreen for the same period of time, you do identify it. This is an example ofthe

Back 76

Word-superiority effect

Front 77

What is the Stroop effect?

Back 77

The difficulty of naming the colors in which words are written instead of reading the words themselves

Front 78

Edgar suffers a stroke on the left side of his brain and as a result hasa condition characterized by inarticulate speech and difficulties using andunderstanding grammatical devices. This conditionis known as _______ aphasia.

Back 78

Broca's

Front 79

The main reason IQ tests were developed was to

Back 79

predict school performance

Front 80

A new worker at Consolidated Generic Products cannot perform any of thecompany's traditional tasks as well as more experienced workers can. However,when the company teaches all the workers a new skill, this new worker learns itfaster than the older workers. The new worker apparently has a high degree ofbody

Back 80

Fluid Intelligence

Front 81

The British scholar who was the first to argue that a tendency towardhigh intelligence is hereditary was

Back 81

Francis Galton

Front 82

Men have ____, and women have ___ chromosomes

Back 82

XY, XX

Front 83

What is the evidencethat a newborn infant prefers the sound of his/her own mother's voice to thatof other women?

Back 83

Sucking harder when hearing mother's voice

Front 84

An investigator shows a child two balls of clay of equal size and thensquashes one of them and asks the child whether the squashed ball has more claythan the round ball. The experimenter is testing whether the child has theconcept of

Back 84

conservation

Front 85

According to Erik Erikson, the identity crisis (the question "Whoam I?") is of greatest concern to people of what age?

Back 85

Adolescents (12-20 y/o)

Front 86

According to Freud, we go through stages ofsexual development in the following order:

Back 86

Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

Front 87

Johnny, who is 8, has absolutely no interest in girls or anythingrelated to sex. According to Freud, Johnny would be in which stage?

Back 87

Latent

Front 88

Which of the following best supports an incentive view of motivation?

Back 88

A woman eats a piece of birthday cake although she is not hungry

Front 89

Maintaining stability of temperature, body weight, body water, and otherbiological conditions is known as

Back 89

Homeostasis

Front 90

According to Masters and Johnson, human sexual arousal proceeds through 4 stages:

Back 90

Excitement, plateau, climaz, resolution

Front 91

According to the James-Lange theory, someone who felt almost no changesin heart rate and other autonomic responses would be likely to feel

Back 91

Relatively weak fear and anger

Front 92

Paul Ekman drew conclusions about the consistency of human nature fromone culture to another, based on his studies of

Back 92

facial expression

Front 93

Which of the following views on stress wouldLazarus most strongly endorse?

Back 93

stress depends on our perception/interpretation of an event

Front 94

What role, if any, does chronic stress seem to play in the development of cancer?

Back 94

Makes people more vulnerable by weakening the immune system

Front 95

Why are women (generally speaking) sexually attracted to tall, athleticmen?

Back 95

Because tall, athletic men can provide protection to the woman andchildren

Front 96

Men strongly desire women with a waist-to-hip circumstances ratio that is close to what?

Back 96

0.7

Front 97

Why does a woman have much more to consider when selecting a mate than a man does?

Back 97

Women have to invest considerably more when it comes to children

Front 98

According to Freud, what does the id do?

Back 98

Urges behavior towards immediate fulfillment of biological devices

Front 99

Which of the following do humanistic psychologists try to encourage?

Back 99

unconditional positive regard

Front 100

Which of the following would be a view expressed by somebody with an external locus of control?

Back 100

Without the right breaks, it is impossible to become an effective leader

Back 101

psychology