Psychology Final

Front 1

Emphasizes peoples basic goodness and their tendency to grow to higher levels of fuctioning.
conscious self-motivated ability to change and improve

Back 1

Humanistic Approaches

Front 2

An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does

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unconditional positive regard

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a state of fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential

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self-actualization

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self-actualization, attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does.

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unconditional positive regard

Front 5

anxiety & frustration, others' view of you is dependent on your behavior.

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conditional positive regard

Front 6

suggests that important components of personality are inherited

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Biological approaches

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basic, innate disposition, general activity level, mood, significant stability from infancy to adolescence

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tempermant

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heritability of personality traits

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social potency (forceful leader, likes to be center of attention) 61% genetic (identical twins research)
social closeness: enviormental
(prefers emotional intimacy and close ties; turns to others for comfort and help)
33% genetic

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degree to which a person assumes mastery and leadership roles in social situations

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social potency

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Psychological tests

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standard measures devised to assess behavior obejctively

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ask about a relatively small sample of behavior: method of gathering data by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior

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self-report measures

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a test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it

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projective personality test

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examples of projective personality tests
examples of self-report measures

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Rorschach Test, TAT ( Thematic Apperception Test)
MMPI-2: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2: self-report test that identifies people whith psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors

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showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are asked what the figures represent to them
no clear image so the things you see must be "projected from inside yourself"

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Rorschach Test

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a test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story
picture story interpretation

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TAT (thematic apperception test)

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direct measures of an individuals behavior used to describe characteristic indicative of personality

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Behavioral Assessment

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A persons response to events that are threatening or challenging

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stress

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what makes something stressful?

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perceived threat
uncontrolable
uncertain/unpredictability

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Whal level of stressor is it?

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cataclysmic: life changing effects many
personal:major life events, immediate negative consequences that fade with time, death of a family member
background: daily hassels, everyday annoyances, ex: traffic

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How does stress effect you?

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thoughts, feelings, physically (skin, breathing), behaviorally (sleep, diet, habits, patterns)

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What can you do to cope with stress?

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emotion focused coping
problem focused coping

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a phenomenon in which victims of major catastophes or strong personal stressors fell long-lasting effects that may include reexperiencing the event in vivid flashbacks or dreams

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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minor positive events that make one feel good

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uplifts

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a state in which people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled a view of the world that becomes so ingrained that they cease trying to remedy the aversive circumstances, even if they actually can exert some influences
ex: teacher gives whatever grade so students dont try

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learned helplessness

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efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress

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coping

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unconscious strategies people use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others

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defence mechanisms

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a person stops experiencing any emotions at all

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emotional insulation

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people try to manage their emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem
ex: accepting sympathy, looking at the bright side

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emotion-focused coping

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attempts to modify the stressful problem or source of stress, changes to the behavior or to the development of a plan of action to deal with stress
ex: starting a study group to improve grades

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problem-focused coping

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wishful thinking, drug use, or alcohol use

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avoidant coping

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investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems

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health psychology

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physical health

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stress, behaviors and health related decions Ex: tanning, condom use ect.

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Physical symptoms of stress

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cardiovasular- heart pounding, racing, headaches
gastrointestinal: diarrhea, constipation, stomach aches, & cramping
skin: prespiration, rashes, acne
immune system: susceptibility to common colds & flu, allergy flare-ups

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the response to events that threaten or challenge a person
recurring conflicts, traumatic experience, continuing pressures that seem uncontrollable, and small irritations

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Stress

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events or circumstances that trigger stress. name some common elements

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stressors. change, uncertainty, pressure, conflict

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medical problems that are influenced by an interaction or psychological, emotional, & physical difficulties

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psychophysiological disorders

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The general adaption syndrom

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alarm and mobilization stage: oh No! become aware of stressor
Resistance stage: prep to fight stressor
ex: can't think
Exhaustion stage: negative consequences of the stress appear

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the study of the relationship amoung psychological factors, the immune system, and the brain

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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

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personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress- related illness
ex: commitment, challenge, control

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Hardiness

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a mutual network of caring, interested others

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social support

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Researchers tips to coping with stress

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turn threat into a challenge
make a threatening situation less threatening (view in different light, modify attitude)
change your goals (dancer becomes dance instructor)
take physical action (exercise)
prepare for stress before it happens
(arrange schedule to have more study time for upcoming exams)

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Type A behavior pattern

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competitive
show urgency aobut time
aggressive
driven quality at work
hostile, verbally and nonverbally

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Type B behavior pattern

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cooperative
less competitive
not especially time oriented
not usually aggressive, driven, or hostile
(more unlikely to have heart disease)

Front 44

your expectation of whether you can control the things that happen to you

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locus of control

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those who beleive they are responsible for what happens to them

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internal

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those who beleive they are victims of circumstances

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external

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benefits of control

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difficult events are more tolerable if more predictable or controllable

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limits of control

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trying to control the uncontrollable is a problem and a source of stress

Front 49

the effect to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threat that leads to stress

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coping

Front 50

reactions that maintain a persons sense of control and self-worth by distorting or denying the actual nature of the situation

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defense mechanisms

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cessation of emotional experience

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emotional insulation

Front 52

attempts to modify the stressful problem of source of the stress
Ex: getting a tutor because dont want to look at math because dont know it

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problem-focused coping

Front 53

method of managing emotion in the face of stress by seeking to change the way they feel or perceive a problem
ex: bubble bath, talk to people

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emotion-focused coping

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examples of emotion-focused coping

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prayer & meditation
relaxation training: learning to alternately tense and relax muscles, lie or sit quietly
lower stress hormones
massage therapy
exercise

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effective cognitive coping methods

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reappraising the situation
learning from the experience
making social comparisons
cultivatin a sense of humor

Front 56

a deviation from the average
(a statistically based approach)
a deviatio from the ideal
(majority standard)
a sense of personal discomfort
the inability to funtion effectively
(societal demands)
a legal concept

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abnormality

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major theoretical perspectives in psychology

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cognitive: skewed perception
neurological

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perspecives on abnormality

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medical: physiological causes (hormone imbalance)
Psychoanalytic: childhood conflict over opposing wishes regarding sex & aggresion
Behavior perspective: learned response
cognitive perspective: cognitions (peoples thoughts & beliefs) are central to a persons abnormal behavior
Humanistic: emphasizes the responsiblity that people have for their own behavior
Sociocultural: peoples behavior both normal and abnormal is shaped by the kind of family group, society, & culture

Front 59

standard system used in the US to diagnose & classify abnormal behavior devised (descriptive; doesnt suggest causes)

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Diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV)

Front 60

utilize 5 axes to describe condition
Axis I: clinical syndrom (ex schizophrenia)
Axis 5: global assesment of functioning

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American psychiatric association

Front 61

anxiety occurs without external justification & begins to affect a persons daily fuctioning

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anxiety disorders

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intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations

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phobic disorder

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experience long term persistent anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

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anxiety that is not triggerd by any identifiable stimulus an d last from a few seconds to several hours

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panic disorder

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a persistent, unwanted thought or idea that keeps recurring

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obsession

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urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange & unreasonable, even to the individual who experiences them

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compulsion

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disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions

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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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psychological difficulties that take of a physical (somatic:body) form, but for which there is no medical cause

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soatoform disorders

Front 69

constant fear of illness & a peroccupation with their health

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hypochodriasis

Front 70

involves an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to see or hear, or to move an arm or leg whose cause is puerly psychological

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conversion disorder

Front 71

parts of personality that are normally integrated and work together seperate or dissociate to reduce anxiety keep disturbing memoreies or perceptions from reaching conscious awarenss

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dissociative disorders (break ties between severe or seperate) (3 disorders)

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individual displays characteristics of 2 or more distinct personalities

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dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality)

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a disorder in which a significant selective memory loss occurs

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amnesia (dissociatve)

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an amnesiac condition where people take sudden, impulsive trips, sometimes assuming a new identity

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fugure (dissociative)

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disturbance sin emotional feeling strong enough to intrude on everyday life

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mood disorders (4)

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a mood disorder involving disturbances in: emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in ones usual activites), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), body function (fatigue & loss of appetite)

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Depression

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symptoms of depression

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depressed mood
reduced interest in almost all activites
significan weight gain or loss without dieting
sleep disturbance (insomnia or too much sleep)
change in motor activity (too much or too little)
fatigue or loss of energy
feelings of worthlessness or guilt
reduced ability to think or concentrate
recurrent thoughts of death

* 5 or more of these for 2 weeks

Front 78

condition in which a person sequentially experiences periods of mania an depression

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bipolar disorder

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extended state of intense, wild elation

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mania

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bipolar brain

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rapid mood swings
PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises & falls with emotional swings

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causes of mood disorders

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biological: genetics/ heredity & brain chemistry
social: stressful circumstances of people's lives
attachment: problems w/ close relationships
cognitive: particular habits of thinking & ways of interpreting events
depressogenic attribution style
rumination: changes the way you view the world
psychoanalytic: feelings of loss, anger turned inward
learned helplessness
evolutionary theory: depression is an adaptive response to goals that are unattainable
vulnerability-stress model: indivdual vulnerabilities interact with external stresses or circumstances

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class of disorders in which severe distortion or reality occurs
decline from a previous level of functioning
disturbances of thought & language
delusions
perceptual disorders
emotional disturbances
withdrawal

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schizophrenia

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delusion

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false beliefs, often of grandeur or persecution, that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

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an extreme mental disturbance involving distorted perceptions and irrational behavior, may have psychological or organic causes

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psychosis

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hallucinations

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sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulation
auditory, visual, tactile

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Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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cognitive, emotional, and behavioral excesses
ex: hallucinations, bizarre delusions, incoherent speech, inappropriate/ disorganized behaviors

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negative symptoms of schizophrenia

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cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits
ex: loss of motivaiton, emotional flatness, social withdrawl, slowed or no speech

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paranoid

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preoccupation with delusions of hallucinations often with themes of persecution or grandiosity

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disorganized

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disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropraite emotion, infantile behavior

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catatonic

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immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativisim and or prrot like repeating of anothere's speech of movements

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undifferentiated

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many and varied symptoms

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genetice predisposition
(theory of schizophrenia)

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the risk of developing schizophrenia increases as the genetic relatedness with a diagnosed schizophrenic increases

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structural brain abnormalities (theory of schizophrenia)

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decreased brain weight and volume

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neurotransmitter abnormalities
(theory of schizophrenia)

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especially increased dopamine activity

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prenatal abnormalities (theory of schizophrenia)

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damage ot brain, chemical, physical, injury

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some part genetic some enviormental so stressors com into paly

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vulnerability stress model

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disoders characterized by inflexible maladaptive personality traits that do not permit the person to funciton appropriately as members of society

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personality disorders

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exaggerated sense of self-importance

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narcissitic personality disorder

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characterizedd by their difficulty in developing a secure sense of who they are (dont know boundaries, manipulative)

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borderline personality disorder

Front 100

characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness & jealousy

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paranoid personality disorder

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a disorder charcterized by antisocial behavior such as lying stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence, and lack of guilt, shame, and empathy (sometimes called psychopathy or sociopathy)

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antisocial personality disorder (APD)

Front 102

what is the occurance of APD in males and females

Back 102

3% of all males and 1% of females

Front 103

DSM criteia for APD

Back 103

repeatedly break the law
deceitful, using aliases & lies to con others
impulsive an unable to plan ahead
repeatedy get into physical fights or assaults
show reckless disregard for own safety
irresponsible, failint to meet obligations
lack or remorse

*must have 3 & a history of behaviors

Front 104

causes of APD

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abnormalities in CNS
genetically influenced problems with impulse control
brain damage

Front 105

prevalence of psychological disorders

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study of 8,000 people:
48% had experienced a disorder
17% depression
14% alcohol dependence
drug dependence, anxiety disorders
other cultures have different numbers some cultures bound syndromes

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college students

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stress 60%
situational 55%
relationship 55%
family issues 45%
depression 41%
abuse10%

Front 107

Treatment in which a trained professional a therapist uses psychological techniques to help someone overcome psychological difficulties and disorders

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psychotherapy

Front 108

relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological funcitoning

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biomedical therapy

Front 109

based on the premise that the primary unresolved conflicts and the possiblity that unacceptable unconscious impulses may enter consciousness

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psychodynamic approaches to therapy

Front 110

frequent sessions that last for many years
free association
dream interpretation
resistance
transference

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psychoanalysis

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building on the basic processes of learning (classical and operant conditioning) poses that normal & abnormal behavior are learned

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behavioral approaches to therapy

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person rewarded for desired behavior with a toke that is later exchange d for something they want (behavioral therapies: operant conditioning)

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token system

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create unpleasant reacitons to stimuli that an individual previously enjoyed (behavioral therapies: classical conditioning)

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aversive conditioning

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gradual exposure to an anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation in order to extinguish the response of anxiety (behavioral therapies: classical conditioning)

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systematic desensitization

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written agreement that outlines behavioral goals and positive consequences if achieved (behavioral therapies: operant conditioning)

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contingency contracting

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learning by watching others behavior (behavioral therapies: operant conditioning)

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observational learning

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cognitive approaches to therapy

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assumption that anxiety, depressions, and negative emotions develop from maladaptive thought processes
Seek to change though patterns that lead to getting "stuck" by teaching client to challenge their sassumptions and adopt new approaches to old problems
Relatively short term focused on concrete problems

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based on the assumption that people control their own behavior, can make choices about the kinds of life they want to lead, and are responsible for solving their own difficulties

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humanistic approach to therapy

Front 119

goals to enable people to reach their potetial for self actualization, unconditional positive regard

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client-centered therapy

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evaluation of psychotherapy

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effective for most people
doesnt work for everyone
certain specific types of treatments are somewhat,although not invariablybetter for specific types of problems
no single form of therapy works best
therapeutic alliance is key
spontaneous remission (recovery w/ out treatment)

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therapy that focuses on brain chemistry and other neurological factors

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biological approaches to treatment

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control of psychological disorders through drugs

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drug therapy

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a procedure in which an electric current of 70-150 volts is breifly administered to a patients head, causing a loss of consciousness and often seizures

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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brain surgery in which the object is to reduce symptoms of mental disorder- unsed only rarely today

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Psychosurgery

Front 125

surgically destroying or removing parts of a patients frontal lobes that were thought to control emotionality

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prefrontal lobotomy

Front 126

study of the influence of other people whether real imagined or implied on the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of the individual

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social psychology

Front 127

behavior is the function of the person and the situation

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B=f(p,s)

Front 128

the outcome and take home message (ie what happened and what did we learn) A, B, C lines 70% of subjects went along with group and people that chose the right one felt uncomfortable

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solomon Asch's conformity research

Front 129

would you continue to shock someone if told to. 2/3 of subjects went all the way

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milgrams obedience research

Front 130

personalitys changed, guards were nice now became mean and prisoners started to stress, become zombies ect: lasted on 6 days because got to serious

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zimbardos prison study