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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hypothesis
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a testable prediction
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survey
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a self reported measure
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sampling
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take samples of the population and generalize the findings to all people
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naturalistic observation
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observe and record behavior in natural situations
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correlation
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a degree of statistical relationship b/w 2 attributes, which usually is expressed as a number on a scale that ranges from -1 to 0 to 1.
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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controlled by a chain of neurons lying just outside the spinal cord, increases heart rate and breathing rate and readies the body for vigorous fight-or-flight activities
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parasympathetic
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controlled by neurons at the very top and very bottom levels of the spinal cord, decreases heart rate, increases digestive activities, adn in general promotes activities of the body that take place during rest.
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nervous system
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consists of nerve cells and is an electrochemical communication system.
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central nervous system
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the brain and the spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
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axon
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an extension of the neuron through which electrical messages pass
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dendrite
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tree like branches that recieve messages and conduct impulses to the cell.
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synapse
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tiny gaps b/w terminal buttons and a dendrite of another neuron
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action potential
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electrical charge "all or none"
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myelin sheath
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a layer of fatty tissue the enables faster transmission of electrical messages
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change blindness
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do not notice changes in our environment
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encoding
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put info into the brain
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storage
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keep info in the brain
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retrieval
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get info back from brain
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rehearsal
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repeat information
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mneumonics
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memory aids that tie in imagery to help you recall information
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serial position effect
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a tendency to recall the first and last items in a list and not so much the middle
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spacing effect
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spacing out practicing or studying will lead to better memory than a cram session
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phoneme
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set of basic sounds that can be distinguished perceptually, the smallest distinctive sound unit
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morpheme
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the smallest unit that carries meaning. It could be a whole word or part of a word
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babbling stage
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3-4 months; utter various sounds not particular to any language
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one-word stage
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1 year; speak using single words
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two-word stage
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talk in pairs of words, usually a noun and a verb
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telegraphic speech
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like a telegram, short and to the point
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aptitude tests
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predict a person's future performance by measuring your ability to learn new things
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achievement tests
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designed to assest what you have learned
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needs
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an internal deficiency
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drive
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psychological expression of those needs
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consciousness
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awaremess of internal and external stimuli
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sleep stage 1
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a transition phase from awake to light sleep that lasts only a few minutes. Breathing and heart rate slow and muscle tension decreases. Alpha waves present with some theta. Hypnic jerks
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sleep stage 2
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lasts about 10-25 minutes and brain waves show sleep spindles - bursts of higher frequency brain waves. Theta waves
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sleep stages 3 and 4
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slow wave sleep and delta waves show up. you stay here about 30 minutes.
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REM sleep
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rapid eye movement, breathing and pulse and irregular but there is no muscle tone, deepest sleep, but brain waves are high fequency, which is a paradox
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insomnia
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chronic problems in getting enough sleep
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narcolepsy
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marked by sudden onsets of sleep during normal waking hours
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sleep apnea
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frequent, reflexive gaspingfor air that awakens the person and thus disrupts sleep
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nightmares
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anxiety arrousing dreams that lead to awakening from REM sleep.
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night terrors
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awakenings from nonREM sleep accompanied by autonomic arousal and panic
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somnambulism
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sleep walking
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spontaneous recovery
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temporary return of the conditioned response
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extinction
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remove connection between UCS and CR, repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus w/o the UCS.
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reinforcement
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an event that increases the future probability of that response
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punishment
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an event that decreases the probability of a response
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shaping
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establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations to it.
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Id
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primitive, instinctive component that operates on the pleasure principle. the id is primitive, illogical, and irrational.
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pleasure principle
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deamands immediate immediate gratification of those urges
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Ego
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decision making component that operates on the reality principle. The ego mediates the id to be able to handle the social world
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reality principle
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considers social realities of norms, etiquette, rules and customs to find ways to gratify the id.
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superego
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moral component that incorporates social standards such as right and wrong
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defense meachanisms
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unconscious reactions to relieve anxiety
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rationalization
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creating false but plausible excuses to justify behavior
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repression
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keeping distressing thoughts buried in the unconscious
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projection
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attributing your own thoughts and feelings to another person
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displacement
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diverting feelings onto another person
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reaction formation
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behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of your true feelings
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regression
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reversion to immature patterns of behavior
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identification
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bolstering self esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with a person or group
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DSM IV
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Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition
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scizophrenia
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psychological disorder in which the person loses touch with reality adn has hallucinations, delusions and inappropriate emotions
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bipolar
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manic depressive disorder; wildly excited and then deeply depressed
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phobia
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an intense irrational fear associated with a specific object, situation or activity
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ingroup
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a group that one belongs to and identifies with
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outgroup
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a group that one does not belong to or identify
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Fundamental attribution error
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refers to observer's bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior
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Milgram's study
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wanted to study the tendency to obey authority figures; teacher and learner; test subject administeredshocks to innocent victim b/c he was instucted to by the experimenter. Shocks were fake. more people obeyed than he thought
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