Psychology Final

Front 1

Classical Conditioning

Back 1

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about the response.

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Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Back 2

A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

Front 3

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular respolnse without haveing been learned.

Front 4

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

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A response that is natural and needs no training (Ex. Salivation at the smell of food)

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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A once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditional stimulus.

Front 6

Conditioned Response (CR)

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A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus. (Ex. Salivation at the ringing of a bell)

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Extinction

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Occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears

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Spontaneous Recovery

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Of the reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.

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Stimulus Generalization

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The process that occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus, the more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur

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Positive Reinforcer

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A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.

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Negative Reinforcer

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An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

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How are Positive Reinforcer and Negative Reinforcer alike?

Back 12

They both increase behavior

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Positive Punishment

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Weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus

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Negative Punishment

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Consists of the removal of something pleasant

Front 15

Disadvantages to Physical Punishment

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1. Punishment is frequently ineffective. 2. Can lead to the idea physical aggression is permissible and even desirable. 3. Reduce self-esteem. 4. Punishment does not convey any information about whan an alternate more appropriate behavior might be

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Partial Reinforcement

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Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all the time. Although learning occurs more rapidly under a continuous reinforcement schedule, behavior lasts longer after reinforcement stops when it is learned under a partial reinforcement schedule. Stronger and lengthier responding.

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Reinforcement Schedules

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Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

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Shaping

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The process of teaching a complex behavior by reqarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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Latent Learning

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Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

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Observational Learning

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Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model

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Storage

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Information saved for future use

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Retrival

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Recovery of stored information

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Sensory Memory

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The inital, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant. Sight (ironinc) sound (echoic)

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Iconic

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Reflects info from the visual system

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Echoic

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Stores auditiory information coming from the ears

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Short term memory

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Memory that holds information form 15 to 25 second

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Chunking

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A meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory

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Rehearsal

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The repetition of information that has entered short-term memory

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Working Memory

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A set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information

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Central Executive Processor
-Visual Store
-Verbal Store
-Episodic Buffer

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Involved in reasoning and decision making. Components:
-specializes in visual and spatial information
-hold and manipulates materal relationg to speech, words and numbers.
-contains information that represents episodes or events

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Serial Position Effect

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the ability to recall information in a list depends on where in the list the item appears

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Primary Effect

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in which items presented early in a list are remembered better

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Recency effect

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items presented late in a list are remembered best

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Long term memory

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memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve

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Procedural

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memory for skills and havits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball, sometimes referred to as no declaritive memory

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Declarative

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memory for facual information: names, faces, dates, and the life

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Semantic

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memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts

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Episodic

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memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context

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Semantic Networks

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mental representations of clusters of interconnnected information

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Consolidation

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memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory

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Long-term potentiation

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shows taht certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned

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tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

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the inability to recall information that one realizeds one knows- a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory

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amygdala

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responsible for emotional memories

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eyewitness testimony

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eyewitnesses are apt to make significant errors when they try to recall details of criminal activity

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Forgetting curve

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Hermann Ebinghaus created this. most rapid forgetting occurs in the first 9 hours after exposure to new material. However the rate of forgetting then slows down and declines very little ever after many days have passed

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G factor

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the single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence

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Fluid intelligence

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Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilites, reasoning and memory

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Interpersonal Intelligence

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skills in interacting with others, such as sensitivty to the modds, temperatures, motivations, and intentions of others

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Practical Intelligence

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Intelligence related to overall success in living

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Emotional Intelligence

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The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evalutation, expression, and regulation of emotions

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Binet

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Created the 1st intelligence test. it consits of a series of items that vary in nature according to the age of the person tested

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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

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a score that takes information account an indiviudal's mental and chronological ages. Estimate IQ= Mental Age/Chronological age *100

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Wechsler series

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adult scale. Most frequently used IQ test in the United States

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Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disablities)

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a condition characterized by significant limitations both an intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills

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Fetal alcohol syndrome

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main cause of mental retardation. Caused by mothers use of alcohol while pregnant

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Familial Retardation

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no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of retardation in the family

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Range of mental retardation scale

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IQ scores ranging form 55 to 69 constitute some 90% of all people with mental retardation. This is mild retardation