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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Norm Violation
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A difference in the degree to which behavior or thinking resembles an agreed upon criteria (varies with culture and often based of statistics)
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Psychopathology
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Study of mental disorders
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Views of "maddnes" by primative cultures
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Demonic possessions (evil spirits)
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Views of "maddnes" by Greeks
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Disease (natural causes- imbalance of body fluids)
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Views of "maddnes" in Middle Ages
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Spiritual context (witches and devils)
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Phillippe Pinel (1793)
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Stated that madness was a sickness in response to severe stress and inhuman conditions
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Medical model of mental disorders
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Mental disorders are diseases that have objective physical causes and require specific treatments
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Psychological model of mental disorders
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Mental disorders are attributed to the interaction of 3 factors (biological, psychological, and sociocultural)
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Biological factors
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Anatomy and chemistry of the brain and other physical processes
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Psychological factors
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Unconcious conflicts, maladaptive ways of viewing the world, and learning.
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Sociocultural factors
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Abnormality is viewed differently around the world.
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Neurosis
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Symptoms related to ineffictivr attemps to deal with reality (try to reduce anxiety-such as with an obsessive individual).
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Motivation
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Factors that energize our behavior and direct in toward goals.
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Drive-reduction theory
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Proposes that our behavior is motivated to reduce drives created by unsatisfied bodily needs to return the body to a balanced internal state.
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Psychosis
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general category for a number of severe mental disorders in which perception, thinking, and emotion and impaired.
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(book) DSM 4R- 1994
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Classifies but does not attribute cause. Helps in describing, treating, and researching causes of the disorder. 230 disorders and conditions are put into 17 categories not including neurosis.
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Personality disorder
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longstanding, inflexable, maladaptive patterns of perceiving, thinking, or behaving.
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Narcissistic personality disorder
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need for consistent attention, respond inappropiately to criticism, grandiose sense of self-importance.
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Antisocial personality disorder (formally called sociopath or psychopath)
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Typically male, violent, unethical, and do not care about others.
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Primary symptoms of anxiety disorders
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Anxiety in inappropiate circumstances or defenses that ward off anxiety.
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Phobias
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Intense irrational fear (no real danger or exaggereated danger) of some object or situation.
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Generalized anxiety disorders
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Not focused; continually uneasy and tense.
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Obsessive-compulsive
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Lasts a long time and tries to deal with persistent thoughts.
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Panic disorder
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Attacks only last a short time. It involves a sudden, unpredictable feeling of intense fear or terror.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Anxiety long after an event occurs.
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Psychoanalytic explanation of anxiety disorders
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Unconcious conflicts that once helped control the problem and then became the problem itself (ex.washing hands).
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Behavioral explanation of anxiety disorders
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Associate anxiety and harmful situation.
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Obervational learning explanation of anxiety disorders
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Observe someone who is anxcious in a particular situation, and then you become anxcious in the same situation.
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Somatoform disorders
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Physical complaint suggests a physical disorder but no organic problem is found (ex. hypochondria).
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Conversion disorder
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Loss of specific sensory or motor function like hysterical blindness.
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Psychoanalytic explanation of somatoform disorders
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Conversion of emotional problems to a physical problem.
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Behavioral explantion of somatoform disorders
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Learn that sickness can help you avoid unpleasent situations.
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Dissociative disorders
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Some part of memory or personality fragmentation that separated from the rest of the brain.
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Dissociative amnesia
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Selective memory loss due to extreme stress.
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Dissociative Fugue
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Loss of identity.
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Dissociative identity disorder
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Multiple personality disorders
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Psychoanalytic explantion of dissociative disorders
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Blocking out thoughts (typically from childhood) that cause anxiety.
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Behavioral explantion of dissociative disorders
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Blocking out unwanted thoughts is rewarding
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Affect mood disorders
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Disturbances in mood in which the person is either excessively depressed (loss of interest or pleasure) or elated (manic) or both (bipolar).
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Depression
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Person thinks of themself as a failure. Sadness lasts for two or more weeks.
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Manic disorder
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Active emotional state; impulsive, unrealistiv optimism.
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Psychoanalytic explanation of affective disorder
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Real or imagined loss of a loved one; turns anger against self.
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Behavioral explanation of affective disorder
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Lack of reinforcement (depression)
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Cognative explanation of affective disorder
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Negative and self-blaming thoughts.
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Biological explanation of affective disorder
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Heredity and neurotransmitters
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Scitzopherena (split-mind)
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Out of touch with reality, pervasive thought disturbances, difficulty with selective attention, delusions, hallunications, bazarre behavior, and more sensitive to sensory stimuli.
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Cognative explantion of scitzopherena
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Inability to keep things in proper focus
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Biological explantion of scitzopherena
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A viral infection during pregnancy might impact the development of fetal brain, heredity, and neurotransmitters (too much dopamine being transmitted).
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Eating disorder
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Depriving oneself of food or preventing food from being digested.
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Anerexia nervosa
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Fanatical starving, intense interest in food, not aware that dieting behavior is abnormal.
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Environmental explanation of anerexia
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Society bombards young women with ads that espouse a slim body, but at the same time advertise fatty foods.
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Bulimia nervosa
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Binge on high calorie foods in a short period of time and then purge. They are aware that their behavior is abnormal.
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Treatment of psychopathology
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Diagnose (lable), etiology (determine cause), prognosis (estimate course of problem with or without treatment).
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Biomedical treatment
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Deals with body and changes in brain function.
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Problems with drug therapy
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Side effects, regulating dosage, drug dependance, interaction of drugs, and not necessiarly a cure.
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Frontal lobotomy
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Cut connection between thalamus and frontal lobe; thought to disconnect person from emotions and past trauma.
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Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
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Electrical current passes through brain and causes a lack of consciousness followed by a convulsive seizure.
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Psychotherapy
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Used to help modify behavor so patient can more satisfactorily adjust to their environment.
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Psychoanalytic/ Psychodynamic therapy
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Person achieves access to his buried thoughts (intropschic harmony between id, ego, and super ego).
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Free association
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Bring unconcious thoughts into conciousness and these thoughts are interpreted by an analyst.
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Transference
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Patient responds to analyst in personal terms, analyst then identifies the person or thing that has been in the center of all emotional conflicts that person has had.
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Systematic desensitization
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Learn relaxation techniques and creates a fear hierarchy.
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Desensitization
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Imagining each situation while staying relaxed.
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Implosion (flooding)
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No hierarchy, continuous intense exposure to anxiety provoking situation.
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Cognative dissonance
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Anxiety resulting from simultaniously contradicting beliefs.
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Fundamental attribution error
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The tendancy for people to over-emphasize dispositional, or personality-based explanations for behaviors observed in others while under-emphasizing the role and power of situational influences on the same behavior.
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In group bias
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The preferential treatment people give to those whom they percive to be members of their own group (leads to sterotyping)
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Aversion therapy
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Learn negative association to things they are addicted to.
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Humanistic therapy
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Goal is growth in self-awareness and self-acceptance, not cure.
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Client-centered (Carl Rodgers)
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Have client arrive at insights, make their own interpretation, and take responsibility for their emotions.
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Non-direct method of humanistic therapy
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Therapist does not direct a client to a specific topic. Therapist shows unconditional possitive regard and creates an atmosphere of acceptance.
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Cognative therapy
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Modeling (observing others) and social skill learning (learn when, where, why and how to say something to someone else)
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