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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 Goals of Psychology |
Describe what happens Explain what happens Predict what happens Control what happens Improve the quality of life |
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What are the 3 major philosophical issues in Psychology? |
Free will Vs. Determinism Mind-Brain Problem Nature Vs. Nurture |
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"How do drug abuse and brain damage change nervous system functioning?" is an example of what? |
Biological Psychology |
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"Do consistent rewards for desired behaviors produce better learning than less frequent rewards?" is an example of what? |
Learning and Motivation |
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"How does intelligence change from across the life span?" is an example of what? |
Developmental Psychology |
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"What do "experts" in a field know or do that sets them apart from other people?" is an example of what? |
Cognitive Psychology |
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"To what degree do the demands and expectations of authority figures influence our behavior?" is an example of what? |
Social Psychology |
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What can Clinical Psychology do? |
Conduct therapy Hold advanced degree May work in a hospital |
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What can Psychiatry do? |
Conduct therapy Hold advanced degree Prescribe medicine May work in a hospital |
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What can Clinical social workers do? |
Conduct therapy Hold advanced degree Prescribe medicine |
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"How does giving feedback increase work productivity?" is an example of what? |
Industrial-Organization Psychology |
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"How can medication labels be redesigned so that older adults can understand them better?"is an example of what? |
Human Factors Psychology |
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"Does a student's home environment affect his grades?" is an example of what? |
School Psychology |
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Who is Wilhelm Wundt and what did he do? |
Father of psychology Set up the first laboratory intended exclusively for psychological research in 1879 |
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What did Edward Titchener develop? |
Structuralism |
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What did John B. Watson systematized the approach of? |
Behaviorism |
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Who is William James and what did he develop? |
Father of American Psychology Functionalism |
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What did Sigmund Freud develop? |
Psychoanalysis |
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What is functionalism? |
Learn how people produce useful behaviors |
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What is structuralism? |
An attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind, particularly sensations, feelings, and images. |
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What is behaviorism? |
a field of psychology that concentrates on observable measure behaviors and NOT mental processes. |
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What is psychoanalysis? |
method that tries to bring unconscious thoughts and emotions to consciousness |
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What are the 3 types of neurons? |
Sensory Neurons Relay Neurons Motor Neurons |
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What are the parts of a neuron? |
Cell Body Dendrites Axon |
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What is a neurotransmitter? |
A chemical that activates receptors |
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What is a synapse? |
the specialized junction between one neuron an another, a neuron releases a chemical that either excites or inhibits the next neuron |
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How do neurons communicate? |
1. a nerve impulse travels down the axon. when it reaches the end of the axon, the axon releases a neurotransmitter 2. neurotransmitter travels across the synapse between the axon and the dendrite of the next neuron 3. neurotransmitter binds to the dendrite of the next neuron 4. binding allows the nerve impulse to travel through the receiving neuron |
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What are the 3 main roles of neurotransmitters? |
release from pre-synaptic neurons bind with post-synaptic neurons Reuptake/degradation |
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What are the two neurotransmitters and behavior that we learned? |
Dopamine: movement, attention, and learning Serotonin: seems to be related to sleep, mood regulation, appetite, and pain sensitivity |
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What is brain plasticity? |
Change as a result of experience - new neurons - expansion of existing neurons - traumatic brain injury |
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What are the divisions of the nervous system and what do they consist of? |
Central Nervous System- brain & spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System- nerves connecting the spinal cord with the rest of the body - somatic: connects to the skin & muscles - autonomic: connects to the heart, stomach, and other organs |
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What are the brain regions? |
Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain |
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What is the hindbrain? |
"deepest" brain region Consists the medulla, pons, cerebellum |
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What is the midbrain? |
small area of brain region Connects the brain stem to the forebrain All incoming and outgoing info is filtered through the midbrain |
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What is the forebrain? |
Dominant part of brain: controls emotion, memory, thought, and language Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex |
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What does the left hemisphere do? |
Analysis of info Controlling behavior such as: language, logical and sequential tasks |
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What does the right hemisphere do? |
Specializes in putting things together Controls visual-spatial abilities such as reading a map or following a dress pattern |
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What connects the left and right hemisphere? |
Corpus Callosum |
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What are the four lobes? |
Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Frontal lobe |
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What is the function of the occipital lobe and where is it located? |
Specialized in vision Rear of the head |
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What is the function of the parietal lobe and where is it located? |
Specialized for body senses, including touch, pain, temp, and awareness of location of body parts in space Consists of primary somatosensory cortex located on the top |
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What is the function of the temporal lobe and where is it located? |
main area for hearing and certain aspects of vision-auditory processing contains amygdala: responds strongly to emotional stimulation located on the left and right side |
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What is the function of the frontal lobe and where is it located? |
Contains the primary motor cortex: important for controlling fine movement Prefrontal cortex: front section of frontal lobe, important for memory, organization, planning of action located on the front |
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What is a scientific method? |
is a series of systematic and orderly steps which researchers use to plan, conduct and report research. It ensures data is valid and reliable |
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What are the steps for a scientific method? |
Hypothesis Method to test hypothesis Results support or oppose hypothesis Confidence in hypothesis enhanced OR Results support or oppose hypothesis Confidence in hypothesis diminished:modify/discard hypothesis |
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What are the goals of a scientific method? |
Describe- state what happens Explain-why does this event occur Predict- hypothesis Improve |
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what is replicability/ replicable results? |
those that anyone can obtain, at least approximately by following the same procedure (able to be repeated) |
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What is a theory? |
Model capable of making valid predictions |
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What makes a good theory? |
Falsifiable & parsimonuous |
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What is falsifiable? |
Stated in such clear, precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it. |
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Is falsifiable good or bad? |
Good |
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What is parsimonious? |
scientists prefer the theory that explains the results using assumptions which are simplest, fewest, and most consistent with other established theories |
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How is Clever Hans parsimonious? |
The questioner was giving away the answer to questions asked by facial expressions. |
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What is an operational definition? |
A definition that specifies the operations (or procedures) used to produce or measure something, ordinarily a way to give it a numerical value. (ex: how do we measure friendliness) |
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What are the types of population samples? |
Convenience sample, representative sample, random sample, cross-cultural sample |
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What is a convenience sample? |
A sample that is easy to get |
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What is a representative sample? |
Sample should closely resemble the population which you are studying (male vs. female, race, age) |
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What is a random sample? |
one in which every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
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What is a cross-cultural sample? |
groups of people from at least two cultures |
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What are types of observational research designs? |
Naturalistic observations, case histories, surveys, and correlational studies |
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What is a naturalistic observation? |
Careful monitoring and examination of what people and animals do under more or less natural circumstances (Ex: Jane Goodall and chimpanzees) |
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What is a case study? |
A thorough observation and description of a single individual, appropriate only when done for an unusual condition or circumstance (Ex: The case of Phineas Gage) |
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What is a survey? |
A study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors, based on people's responses to specific questions |
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What is a correlational study? |
A measure of the relationship between two variable which are both outside of the investigator's control |
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What is r? |
It is the correlation coefficient: the mathematical estimate of the strength and direction of a correlation. It ranges from -1 to +1. The closer the value it is to -1 or +1 the stronger the relationship |
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What is a positive correlation? |
means that as one variable increases, so does the other |
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What is a negative correlation? |
Means that as one variable increases, the other decreases |
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What is a zero correlation? |
Means that the variables have no relationship; that changes in one are not related to any type of change in the other |
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Correlatinal studies does NOT equal causation: correlational research only tells us if two variables are... |
related and how strongly |
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What is an experiment? |
A study in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable (indep) while measuring at least one other variable (dep) |
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What is an independent variable? |
The item that the experimenter changes or controls |
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What is a dependent variable? |
the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected |
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What group receives the independent variable? |
Experimental group |
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What group does not receive independent variable? |
Control group |
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What is the mean? |
the average of all values. Σx/2 |
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What is the median? |
The middle of a set of data. Arrange the values in ascending order and find the middle. Good because it will give you a genuine value that someone got. Ex: the median of the test scores was 88, but the actual mean was 86.73, which nobody got. |
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What is the mode? |
The most recurring value. Ex: 2, 2, 6, 7, 7, 9, 2 = 2 is the mode. |
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What are the structures of the eye? |
Pupil, Iris Cornea, Lens, Retina, Optic Nerve, Blind spot, Fovea, Rods and Cones |
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Whats the difference between Rods vs Cones? |
Cones, found mainly in and near the fovea, are essential for color vision. Rods, more numerous toward the periphery detect dim light. |
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Which photoreceptor is more sensitive to color and detail? |
Cones |
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Which photoreceptor is more predominant in low light? |
Rods |
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What are the 3 color vision theories? |
Young-Helmholtz or Trichromatic theory Opponent-Process Theory Retinex Theory |
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What is Young-Helmholtz/Trichromatic theory? |
theory that color vision depends on the relative rate of response of three types of cones |
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What is Opponent-Process Theory? |
theory that we perceive color in terms of a system of paired opposites: red VS green, yellow VS blue, and white VS black |
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What is Retinex Theory? |
Perceive color and brightness by contrasting each image with its environment |
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What is Signal detection theory? |
study of people's tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, misses, and false alarms |
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What is subliminal perception? |
Behavioral influence of stimuli presented so faintly or briefly that we do not perceive them consciously |
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What is perception? |
Interpretation of sensory information definition |
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What is recognition? |
method of testing memory by asking someone to choose the correct item among several options |
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What is brightness contrast? |
increase or decrease in an objects apparent brightness by comparison to objects around it |
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What is Gestalt Psychology? |
a field that emphasizes perception of overall patterns |
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What are feature detectors? |
respond to the presence of simple features, such as lines and angles |
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What is an optical illusion? |
misinterpretation of a visual stimulus |
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What is an auditory illusion? |
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What is the perception of movement? |
We perceive an object as moving if it moves relative to its background. We can distinguish between an object that is actually moving and a similar pattern of retinal stimulation that results from our own movement |
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What is the perception of depth? |
To perceive depth, we use the accommodation of the eye muscles and retinal disparity between the views that our two eyes can see. We also learn to use several other cues that are just as effective with one eye as with two. |
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What does electromagnetic spectrum mean? |
the continuum of all frequencies of radiated energy from gamma rays and x-rays with very short wavelengths, through ultraviolet, visible light, and infrared to radio and TV transmission with very long wavelengths. |
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What are Rods? |
adapted for vision in dim light |
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What are cones? |
adapted for color vision, daytime vision, and detailed vision |
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What is light? |
part of the electromagnetic spectrum that excites receptors in the eye. |
