Psychology Exam

Front 1

What is Memory?

Back 1

The Ability to store and use information and the store of what has been learned and remembered

Front 2

Explicit Memory

Back 2

Has to enter conscious awareness

Front 3

Declarative Memory

Back 3

Can easily be remembered or declared

Front 4

Procedural Memory

Back 4

Is a process to store information

Front 5

Implicit Memory

Back 5

Does not have to enter conscious awareness

Front 6

Non-Declarative Memory

Back 6

Memory that is difficult to describe and explain

Front 7

Three Stage Model of Memory:

Back 7

Sensory, Working (Short-Term) and Long-Term`

Front 8

Rank the 3 memory stores from most to least capacity

Back 8

Long-Term, Sensory, Working

Front 9

Rank the 3 memory stores from most to least duration

Back 9

Long-Term, Working, Sensory

Front 10

Visual sensory input is encoded in which memory store?

Back 10

Iconic Memory

Front 11

Auditory sensory input is encoded in which memory store?

Back 11

Echoic Memory

Front 12

What is Short-Term (Working) Memory

Back 12

Memory that is required to solve a problem at hand

Front 13

What is Chunking?

Back 13

Breaking down a list of items into smaller, meaningful bits

Front 14

The Three Stores of Working Memory

Back 14

Visuospatial, Phonological and Episodic.

Front 15

What are the three stores of working memory managed by

Back 15

Central Executive

Front 16

Three processes of working memory

Back 16

Attenting, Storing, Rehearsing

Front 17

Serial Position Effect

Back 17

Explains why we have an easier time remembering items at the beginning and the end of a list but have trouble remembering items in the middle.

Front 18

Primacy Effect

Back 18

Items have been stored into Long-Term Memory

Front 19

Recency Effect

Back 19

Items are still in working memory

Front 20

Long-Term Memory

Back 20

Uses Implicit Memory

Front 21

Procedural Memory:

Back 21

Remembering a process (how to do stuff)

Front 22

Priming:

Back 22

Memory is improved by relating similar stimulus unconsciously

Front 23

Semantic Memory

Back 23

Memory of meanings or facts

Front 24

Episodic

Back 24

Remembering faces and events

Front 25

Encoding

Back 25

Putting things into long-term memory storage

Effortful and automatic

Things that are meaningful will be processed automatically

Front 26

Retrieval

Back 26

Getting encoded information out of long-term memory

Front 27

Levels of Processing:

Back 27

The more deeply information is encoded, the better it will be recalled

Front 28

Mnemonic Device

Back 28

A Memory aid such as a rhyme or an acronym

Front 29

Dual-Coding Theory

Back 29

Visualizing words that you would not automatically visualize

Front 30

Storage

Back 30

The retention of memory over time

Front 31

Associative Network

Back 31

A memory or piece of information activates a node for something else

Front 32

Flashbulb Memories

Back 32

A vivid memory for an emotional event of great significance (9/11 attacks)

Front 33

Interference

Back 33

Disruption of a memory due to the presence of competing information

Front 34

Retroactive interference

Back 34

New experiences causing the forgetting of previously learned information

Front 35

Proactive Interference

Back 35

Old Experiences interfering with the learning of new information

Front 36

Transcience/Decay

Back 36

Being unable to remember information due to the fleeting nature of memory

Front 37

Absent-Mindedness

Back 37

Forgetting due to inattention

Front 38

Blocking/ Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

Back 38

The inability to retrieve stored information, can be remembered with a memory cue

Front 39

Repression

Back 39

Encoded memories are actively inhibited

Front 40

Misattribution

Back 40

Confusing the source of a memory

Front 41

Cryptomenesia:

Back 41

Someone reads a work of fiction and likes it so much that they unintentionally plagiarize

Front 42

Persistence

Back 42

Repeated recall of events

Front 43

Consistency Bias

Back 43

Selective recall of past events to fit current beliefs

Front 44

Suggestibility

Back 44

Memories implanted based on leading questions and suggestions

Front 45

False Memories

Back 45

Claiming to remember something that never happened in the first place

Front 46

Recovered Memory

Back 46

A memory from a real event that is not remembered until something else brings it to consciousness

Front 47

Misleading Information

Back 47

Altered Memories due to information received after the original experience

Front 48

Visual Inforamtion is stored in the....

Back 48

Occipital Lobe

Front 49

Auditory Information is stored in the...

Back 49

Temporal Lobe

Front 50

Gustatory Information is stored in the...

Back 50

Frontal/Temporal Lobes

Front 51

Tactile information is stored in the...

Back 51

Parietal Lobe

Front 52

Olfactory Information is stored in the...

Back 52

Olfactory Lobe

Front 53

Where in the brain deals with working memory?

Back 53

Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

Front 54

What is the role of the amygdala during encoding

Back 54

Stores emotional memories (especially fearful ones)

Front 55

What part of the brain is involved in habit learning and motor activities such as shifting attention and cognitive strategies

Back 55

Basal Ganglia

Front 56

What part of the brain is involved in fine motor activities and gets bigger as it learns more tasks and patterns

Back 56

Cerebellum

Front 57

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 57

Not being able to remember information that occured after the disease or injury

Front 58

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 58

Not being able to remember information that occured before the disease or injury

Front 59

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 59

Loss of Acetylchline

Front 60

Memory Enhancing Drugs

Back 60

Donepenzil, galantamine (target acetylcholine)

ginseng, (natural)

methylphenidate and amphetamine (stimulants)

Front 61

Memory Inhibiting Drugs

Back 61

Alcohol and Marijuana

Front 62

Hebb's Law

Back 62

"Neurons that wire together fire together" and "Use it or lose it" when referring to synapses

Front 63

Long-Term Potentiation

Back 63

Strengthening of synaptic connection when one neuron repeatedly excites another

Front 64

Associative Learning

Back 64

Forming connections between different sources of information, triggers an automatic response

Front 65

Ivan Pavlov

Back 65

Known for behaviourism and his classical conditioning study with dogs

Front 66

Two fundamental rules to classical conditioning

Back 66

Multiple parings of the Unconditioned Stimulus and the Conditioned Stimulus are necessary in order to get strong Conditioning

CS and US must be presented close together in time

Front 67

Stimulus Generalization

Back 67

Similar stimuli to the CS will still trigger the same CR

Front 68

Classical Conditioning

Back 68

Associative Learning in which an unconditioned stimulus used in pairing with a natural response to develop an automatic response

Front 69

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 69

Restriction of the Conditioned Response to the Exact Conditioned stimulus to which is was conditioned

Front 70

Extinction

Back 70

Removing the pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus to stop the conditioned reponse

Front 71

Operant Conditioning`

Back 71

Associating a behaviour with a concequence

Front 72

Positive Reinforcement

Back 72

The addition of something desirable to strengthen behaviour

Front 73

Negative Reinforcement

Back 73

The removal of something undesirable to strengthen behaviour

Front 74

Positive Punishment

Back 74

The addition of something to weaken behaviour

Front 75

Negative Punishment

Back 75

The removal of something to weaken behaviour

Front 76

Primary Reinforcers

Back 76

Not learned, innate and necessary for survival

Front 77

Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers

Back 77

Learned, Associated with a primary reinforcer

Front 78

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 78

Consequences follow every response

Front 79

Intermittent (partial) Reinforcerment

Back 79

Reinforcement does not follow every response, but still some

Front 80

Fixed Ratio

Back 80

The amount of times something happens is fixed, it does not change.

Example: Putting money in a vending machine and getting a snack

Front 81

Variable Ratio:

Back 81

The amount of times something happens is variable, it changes.

Example: Random payouts on a slot machine

Front 82

Fixed Interval:

Back 82

The timing in which something is going to happen does not change

Example: Having a quiz every 4 weeks

Front 83

Variable Interval

Back 83

The timing in which something is going to happen changes

Example: The amount of time between when you go to the bathroom

Front 84

Latent Learning

Back 84

Learning that is implicit, we don't have to consciously focus on it or know that it's happening without reinforcement

Front 85

Imprinting

Back 85

Rapid innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver soon after birth

Front 86

Learned Food Aversions

Back 86

If a certain food makes us sick, it is likely we won't want to eat it again. This goes against Pavlov's Fundamental Rules of classical conditioning

Front 87

Inactive Learning

Back 87

Learning by doing

Front 88

Observational Learning

Back 88

Learning by observing

Front 89

Modelling

Back 89

Observing and imitating others' behaviour

Front 90

What do endocannabinoids do in operant conditioning

Back 90

Promotes forgetting

Front 91

Mirror Neurons

Back 91

Respond when performing an action or when watching someone else do it