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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gender
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Psychological & sociocultural meanings added to biological sex
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Gender Role
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Societal expectations for "appropriate" male & female behavior
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Gender Schema
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(mental blueprints) of "correct" behaviors for boys vs. girls
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Transsexuals
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Mismatch between gender identity & gonads, genitals, or internal accessory organs
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Bisexual
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Primary erotic attraction toward members of both sexes
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Research on aggression
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Men exhibit greater physical aggressiveness. Women supposedly higher on relational aggression, but no clear differences.
Relational aggression - verbal, gossip |
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Androgyny
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Combining characteristics typically male (assertive, athletic) with those considered typically female (yielding, nurturing)
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Major contributors to sexuality knowledge
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Masters, Johnson, Ellis, Kinsey
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Sexual response cycle
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Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
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Excitement Phase
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Increasing levels of arousal & engorgement
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Plateau Phase
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Leveling off in a high state of arousal
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Orgasm Phase
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Pleasurable release of tension
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Resolution Phase
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Return to non-aroused state
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Evolutionary perspective
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Provides adaptive value. Multiple partners maximize a man's genes chances for survival; a woman's genes chances increase with a good protector & provider.
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Social role approach
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Sex differences reflect cultural roles & division of labor. Men seen as protectors and providers. Women are seen as child bearers and homemakers.
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Performance anxiety
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Fear of being judged in connection with sexual activity.
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HIV vs. AIDS
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HIV- is a virus- being infected
AIDS- is the next step- HIV destroys immune system's ability to fight disease |
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Motivation
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Set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
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Drive reduction theory
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Internal tensions "push" toward satisfying basic needs
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Arousal theory
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Motivated toward optimal level of arousal
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Incentive theory
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Motivation results from the "pull" of external environmental stimuli
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Maslow's theory
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Interaction of biological, psychological, & social needs; lower motives (physiological & safety) must be met before higher needs (belonging, self-esteem)
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Characteristics of bulimia
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Normal or above-normal weight
Binge eating Purging behavior Excessive exercise to prevent weight gain Fasting to prevent weight gain |
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Characteristics of high achievers
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Prefers moderately difficult tasks
Prefers clear goals with competent feedback Competitive Prefers responsibility Persistent More accomplished |
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Three components of emotions
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Physiological
Cognitive Behavioral |
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Physiological (component of emotion)
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Arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) & autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Cognitive (component of emotion)
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Thoughts, values, and expectations
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Behavioral (component of emotion)
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Expressions, gestures, and body positions
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Theories of Emotion
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James-Lange
Cannon-Bard Facial-Feedback Schachter's Two-Factor |
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James-Lange
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Subjective experience of emotion follows bodily arousal
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Cannon-Bard
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Arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
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Facial-Feedback
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Facial movements elicit arousal and specific emotions
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Schachter's Two-Factor
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Arousal and label (or interpretation) produce emotion
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Five-Factor Model Traits
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Openness
Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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Openness
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Open to new ideas vs. conventional and narrow in interests
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Conscientiousness
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Responsible and organized vs. irresponsible and careless
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Extroversion
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Sociable and talkative vs. withdrawn and quiet
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Agreeableness
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Trusting and good-natured vs. suspicious and ruthless
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Neuroticism
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Emotionally unstable and moody vs. emotionally stable and easygoing
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Unconscious
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Thoughts, motives, or memories blocked from normal awareness
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Pleasure principle
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In Freud's theory, the principle on which the ID operates; Seeking immediate pleasure
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Rationalization
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Substituting socially acceptable reason for unacceptable ones.
Example: Justifying cheating on an exam by saying "everyone else does it." |
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Oedipus complex
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Period of conflict during the phallic stage when children are supposedly attracted to the opposite-sex parent and hostile toward the same-sex parent
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Neo-Freudians
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Adler, Jung, and Horney did not agree with Freud
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Unconditional positive regard
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Love and acceptance with no contingencies attached
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Reciprocal determinism
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Cognitions, behaviors, and the environment interact to produce personality
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Locus of control
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What people consider the source of life's rewards and punishments (Internal (because of you) or external (environment) locus of control)
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Influences of personality
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Genetics
Brainstructures Neurochemistry |
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Assessing Personality
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Measuring personality through interviews, observations, objective tests (MMPI) and projective tests (TAT)
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Objective Tests
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These test are considered "objective" because they have a limited number of possible responses to items. They aslo follow empirical standards for test construction and scoring
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Consists of a series of ambiguous black-and-white pictures that are shown to the test-taker, who is asked to create a story related to each.
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Humanistic theory of personality
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People are innately good (or, at worst, neutral) with a positive drive toward self-fulfillment.
Maslow's proposal that basic physical necessities must be satisfied before higher-growth needs. |
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Master's and Johnson
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Early scientists who used experimentation and direct observation to study the sexual response cycle
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Havelock Ellis
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Was one of the earliest to scientifically study human sexuality. He emphasized nocturnal emissions were not dangerous and need for reliable and accurate sex information
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Alfred Kinsey
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Among the first to use surveys and interviews to study sexual practices and beliefs
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Sexual Treatment
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Usually begin with interviews and examinations to determine whether the problem is organic, psychological, or a combination of both.
Prescribe drugs to help with the dysfunction. |
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Intrinsic motivation
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Motivation resulting from personal enjoyment of a task or activity ("I like it"; "It's fun")
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Extrinsic motivation
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Motivation based on obvious external rewards or threats of punishment ("I did it for the money"; "I did it to please my parents")
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Hypothalamus and eating
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Hypothalamus- helps regulate eating, drinking, and body temperature.
Lateral Hypothalamus- stimulates eating Ventromedial Hypothalamus- signals you to stop eating. Without one or the other you would over eat or starve. |