Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging
|
STRESS
|
|
|
events that cause a stress reaction.
|
STRESSORS
|
|
|
effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors.
|
DISTRESS
|
|
|
the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being.
|
EUSTRESS
|
|
|
states that how people think about a stressor determines, at least in part, how stressful that stressor will become.
|
COGNITIVE APPRAISAL APPROACH
|
|
|
the first step in assessing a stress, which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge
|
PRIMARY APPRAISAL
|
|
|
the second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor.
|
SECONDARY APPRAISAL
|
|
|
an unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat.
|
CATASTROPHE
|
|
|
a disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month.
|
POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)
|
|
|
cause stress by requiring adjustment.
|
MAJOR LIFE EVENTS
|
|
|
assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person’s life over a one-year period resulting from major life events.
|
SOCIAL READJUSTMENT RATING SCALE (SRRS)
|
|
|
- assessment that measures the amount of stress in a college student’s life over a one-year period resulting from major life events.
|
COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATE STRESS SCALE (CUSS)
|
|
|
the daily annoyances of everyday life.
|
HASSLES
|
|
|
the psychological experience produced by urgent demands or expectations for a person’s behavior that come from an outside source.
|
PRESSURE
|
|
|
the degree of control that the person has over a particular event or situation. The less control a person has, the greater the degree of stress.
|
UNCONTROLLABILITY
|
|
|
the psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need
|
FRUSTRATION
|
|
|
actions meant to harm or destroy
|
AGGRESSION
|
|
|
– taking out one’s frustrations on some less threatening or more available target, a form of displacement.
|
DISPLACED AGGRESSION
|
|
|
leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy, drug abuse, or apathy.
|
ESCAPE OR WITHDRAWAL
|
|
|
psychological experience of being pulled toward or drawn to two or more desires or goals, only one of which may be attained.
|
CONFLICT
|
|
|
conflict occurring when a person must choose between two desirable goals.
|
APPROACH-APPROACH CONFLICT
|
|
|
conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals.
|
AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT
|
|
|
conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects.
|
APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT
|
|
|
conflict in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects.
|
DOUBLE APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT
|
|
|
conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects.
|
MULTIPLE APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT
|
|
|
part of the ANS that responds to stressful events
|
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
|
|
|
part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after the stress has ceased.
|
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
|
|
|
the three stages of the body’s physiological reaction to stress, including alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
|
GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (GAS)
|
|
|
theories of Hans Selye
|
The alarm stage occurs when an organism recognizes a threat and mobilizes resources – essentially enters the FIGHT/FLIGHT response.
The resistance stage occurs when the stress is prolonged. This is a period when physiological arousal stabilizes but is still above baseline, as the organism copes with the stressor. The exhaustion stage occurs when the body’s resources are depleted. Selye believed that this is where diseases of adaptation come in. |
|
|
the system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries. Is negatively affected by stress.
|
IMMUNE SYSTEM
|
|
|
the study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts, and behavior on the immune system.
|
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY
|
|
|
immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells.
|
NATURAL KILLER CELLS
|
|
|
person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger as well as being easily annoyed.
|
TYPE A PERSONALITY
|
|
|
- person who is relaxed and laid-back, less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger.
|
TYPE B PERSONALITY
|
|
|
pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult.
|
TYPE C PERSONALITY
|
|
|
- a person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality.
|
HARDY PERSONALITY
|
|
|
people who expect positive outcomes
|
OPTIMISTS
|
|
|
people who expect negative outcomes.
|
PESSIMISTS
|
|
|
- negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration.
|
BURNOUT
|
|
|
stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a person’s ways to the majority culture.
|
ACCULTURATIVE STRESS
|
|
|
Four Methods of Acculturation:
|
INTEGRATION, ASSIMILATION,SEPARATION,
MARGINALIZATION |
|
|
network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need.
|
SOCIAL SUPPORT SYSTEM
|
|
|
actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors.
|
COPING STRATEGIES
|
|
|
coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions
|
PROBLEM FOCUSED COPING
|
|
|
coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor
|
EMOTION FOCUSED COPING
|
|
|
unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety.
|
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISM
|
|
|
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation.
|
DENIAL
|
|
|
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind.
|
REPRESSION
|
|
|
psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior.
|
RATIONALIZATION
|
|
|
psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings.
|
PROJECTION
|
|
|
psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others.
|
REACTION FORMATION
|
|
|
redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one.
|
DISPLACEMENT
|
|
|
psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations.
|
REGRESSION
|
|
|
defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety.
|
IDENTIFICATION
|
|
|
defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area.
|
COMPENSATION
|
|
|
channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior.
|
SUBLIMATION
|
|
|
mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness
|
MEDITATION
|
|
|
form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitive or unchanging stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation.
|
CONCENTRATIVE MEDITATION
|
|
|
form of meditation in which a person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness.
|
RECEPTIVE MEDITATION
|
|
|
the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave.
|
PERSONALITY
|
|
|
value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior
|
CHARACTER
|
|
|
the enduring characteristics with which each person is born.
|
TEMPERAMENT
|
|
|
4 perspectives in study of personality
|
PSYCHOANALYTIC, BEHAVIORISTIC,
HUMANISTIC, TRAIT PERSPECTIVES |
|
|
founder of the psychoanalytic movement in psychology
|
SIGMUND FREUD
|
|
|
level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious.
|
PRECONSCIOUS MIND
|
|
|
- level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions.
|
CONSCIOUS MIND
|
|
|
level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue.
|
UNCONSCIOUS MIND
|
|
|
part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.
|
ID
|
|
|
the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for behavior.
|
LIBIDO
|
|
|
principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
|
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
|
|
|
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical.
|
EGO
|
|
|
principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.
|
REALITY PRINCIPLE
|
|
|
part of the personality that acts as a moral center.
|
SUPER EGO
|
|
|
part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior.
|
EGO IDEAL
|
|
|
part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal.
|
CONSCIENCE
|
|
|
disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage.
|
FIXATION
|
|
|
five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.
|
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
|
|
|
first stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Id dominated
|
ORAL STAGE
|
|
|
second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Ego develops.
|
ANAL STAGE
|
|
|
a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile.
|
ANAL EXPULSIVE PERSONALITY
|
|
|
- a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn.
|
ANAL RETENTIVE PERSONALITY
|
|
|
third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops.
|
PHALLIC STAGE
|
|
|
situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent.
|
OEDIPUS COMPLEX
|
|
|
defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety.
|
IDENTIFICATION
|
|
|
fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways
|
LATENCY
|
|
|
sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets.
|
GENITAL
|
|
|
followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis.
|
NEO FREUDIANS
|
|
|
- Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it.
|
PSYCHOANALYSIS
|
|
|
MAKER OF THEORY OF COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
|
JUNG
|
|
|
Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud.
|
PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS
|
|
|
Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species.
|
COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
|
|
|
Jung’s collective, universal human memories
|
ARCHETYPES
|
|
|
proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality and developed birth order theory.
|
ADLER
|
|
|
developed a theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy.
|
HORNEY
|
|
|
anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults.
|
BASIC ANXIETY
|
|
|
maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney’s theory.
|
NEUROTIC PERSONALITY
|
|
|
developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span.
|
ERIKSON
|
|
|
theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people’s behavior and of a person’s own expectancies on learning.
|
SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORISTS
|
|
|
learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models
|
SOCIAL COGNITIVE VIEW
|
|
|
can interact to Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior determine future behavior.
|
RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM
|
|
|
individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (NOT the same as self-esteem).
|
SELF EFFICACY
|
|
|
the “third force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice. Developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism.
|
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
|
|
|
the striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities
|
SELF ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
|
|
|
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life.
|
SELF CONCEPT
|
|
|
archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality.
|
SELF
|
|
|
one’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
|
REAL SELF
|
|
|
one’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be.
|
IDEAL SELF
|
|
|
– warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life.
|
POSITIVE REGARD
|
|
|
positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached.
|
UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
|
|
|
- positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
|
CONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
|
|
|
a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings.
|
FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON
|
|
|
theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior. A trait is a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving.
|
TRAIT THEORIES
|
|
|
developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system.
|
ALLPORT
|
|
|
reduced the number of traits to between 16 and 23 with a computer method called factor analysis.
|
CATTELL
|
|
|
aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person.
|
SURFACE TRAITS
|
|
|
the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality.
|
SOURCE TRAITS
|
|
|
model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions.
|
FIVE FACTOR MODEL
|
|
|
one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.
|
OPENNESS
|
|
|
the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability.
|
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
|
|
|
dimension of personality referring to one’s need to be with other people.
|
EXTRAVERSON
|
|
|
the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant.
|
AGREEABLENESS
|
|
|
degree of emotional instability or stability.
|
NEUROTICISM
|
|
|
the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
|
TRAIT SITUATION INTERACTION
|
|
|
a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality.
Twin and adoption studies have found support for a genetic influence on many personality traits. |
BEHAVIOR GENETICS
|
|
|
method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion.
|
INTERVIEW
|
|
|
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements.
|
HALO EFFECT
|
|
|
defense mechanism involving placing, or “projecting,” one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself.Q
|
PROJECTION
|
|
|
personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.
|
PROJECTIVE TESTS
|
|
|
projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli
|
RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST
|
|
|
projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli.
|
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST
|
|
|
concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person’s perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences. This is a problem with projective tests
|
SUBJECTIVE
|
|
|
assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting.
|
DIRECT OBSERVATION
|
|
|
assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale.
|
RATING SCALE
|
|
|
assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted.
|
FREQUENCY COUNT
|
|
|
paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test.
|
PERSONALITY INVENTORY
|
|
|
personality tests based on the five factor model
|
NEO-PI
|
|
|
personality tests based on Jungs theory of personality types
|
MYERS BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR
|
|
|
personality tests designed to detect abnormal personality.
|
MMPI-2
|
