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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Holds information about a perceived stimulus for a few seconds after the stimulus disappears
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Sensory Memory
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reasoning, language, comprehension, solving problems; active emeory
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Working Memory
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probably a component of working memory, holds a small amount of information in consciousness for about 20 minutes
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Short-term Memory
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maintaining a memory
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Maintenance Rehearsal
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grouping things into meaningful units
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Chunking
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may depend somewhat on the number of items; encoding strategies help; position of items is important
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Retrieval
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superior recall of words that occur at the end of the list
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Recency Effect
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superior recall of words that occur at the beginning of the list
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Primary Effect |
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stores and rehearses speech information; allows you to understand conversation
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Phonological Loop
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stores and manipulates visual and spatial information
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Visuospatial Sketchpad
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governs shifts of attention
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Central Executive
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storehouse of everything from sensory and short-term memories; constitutes you total knowledge of the world itself
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Long-term Memory
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the type of processing may influence memory
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Levels of processing theory
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elaborate on information so your body can process it at a deeper lever
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Elaborative Rehearsal
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memory with conscious detail
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Explicit Memory
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memory of specific events
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Episodic
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general knowledge
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Semantic Memory
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memory without conscious recall
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Implicit Memory
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using a very generous stimulus to search the comments of LTM
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Recall
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process of matching a specific stimulus cue to an appropriate item in LTM
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Recognition
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can occur at any of the times: sensory memory, short term memory & LTM; memory failure also occurs because of interference
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Forgetting
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an old memory interferes with remembering a new memory
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Proactive
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a new memory interferes with remembering an old memroy
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Retroactive
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refers to structured set of cognitions which organizes our knowledge about the social world
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Schemas
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reers to when your existing memories can be altered if you are exposed to misleading information
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Misinformation Effect
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reconstructions of pas events are heavily influenced by the questions that are asked about the event
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Loftus Research
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physical trace of a memory in the brain
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Engram
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encodes and transfers new explicit memories to LTM; no memories
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Hippocampus & Medial Temporal Lobe
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memories involving movement
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Cerebellum
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encodes emotional aspect of memories
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Amygdala
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process of converting new LTM to stable LTM; adrenalin increases memory
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Memory Consolidation
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a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution
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Algorithums
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using a solution to an earlier problem to help solve a new problem
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Analogy Approach
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imagining the steps involved in solving a problem mentally before tackling the problem; thinking positively
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Mental Simulation
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searching for information that confirms our ideas
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Confirmation Bias
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our tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchnging
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Functional Fixedness
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the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way
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Creativity
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the ability to generate a variety of unusual solutions to solve a problem
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Divergent Thinking
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create things for their own enjoyment
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Intrinsic Motivation
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people don't care what others think of them; don't care if they are made fun of
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Nonconformity
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interested with outcomes that are not expected
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Curiosity
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weighing the pros and cons in order to make choices
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Decision Making
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mental shortcuts people use to help make decisions quickly
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Heuristics
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mental shortcut where people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical cause
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Representative Heuristics
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information about the relative frequency of members of different categories
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Base Rate
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belief that the combination of two events is more likely than one event alone
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Conjunction Error
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people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mind
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Availability Heuristics
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in order to simplify the choice among many alternatives, you base your decision on a single feature
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Single-Feature Model
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systematically evaluate the importance of the freatures of each alternative
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Additive Model
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evaluate all of the alternatives of one characteristic at a time, starting with the most important; quick
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Elimination-by-aspect Model
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occurs when people accept only the evidence that conforms to their beliefs, rejecting/ignoring any evidence that does not
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Belief-Bias Effect
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strong tendency to search for information or evidence that confirms a belief, while making little or no effort to search for information that might disprove the belief
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Confirmation Bias
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tendency to remember uncommon events that seem to confirm our beliefs and to forget events that disconfirm our beliefs
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Fallacy of Positive Instances
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tendency to overestimate the rarity of events
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Overestimation Effect
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the ability to solve problems, or to create products that are valued within one of more cultural settings
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Multiple Inteligences
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adept use of language; poet, writer, public speaker
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Linguistic intelligence
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logical, mathematical, scientific ability; scientist, surveyor
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Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
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ability to create, synthesize, or preform music; musician, composer, singer
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Musical Intelligence
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ability to mentally visualize the relationships of objects or movement; sculptor, painter, architect
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Spatial Intelligence
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control of body motions and capacity to handle objects skillfully; athlete
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Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence
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understanding of other peoples emotions, motives, intentions; salesperson, politician
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Interpersonal Intelligence
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understanding of ones own emotions, motives, and intentions; philosopher
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Intrapersonal Intelligence
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ability to discern patterns in nature; ecologist
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Naturalist Intelligence
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capacity to reflect upon "ultimate issues": meaning of life
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Existential Intelligence
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mental processes used in learning how to solve problems, such as picking a problem-solving strategy and applying it
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Analytic Intelligence
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ability to deal with novel situations by drawing on existing skills and knowledge
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Creative Intelligence
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ability to adapt to the environment and often reflect what is commonly called "street smarts"
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Practical Intelligence
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language shapes thought
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Linguistic Relativity
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language strongly influences or determines perceptions and reasoning
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Linguistic Determinism
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the ability to understand and control thinking processes; to learn from experiences; ability to adapt to the surrounding environment
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Intelligence
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designed to assess an individuals level of cognitive capabilities compared to others
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Intelligence Test
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does the test correlate with other measures that you would expect it to
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Criterion Related Validity
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is the content of the test representative of the domain it is designed to assess
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Content Valitidy
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the extent to which differences among people are attributed to genes
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Heredity
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people of todays time, score higher than people from long ago because we have more access to intelligence; FLYNN
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Socioeconomic/Environmental Explanation
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refers to factors within an individual that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal
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Motivation
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initiation/ beginning of behavior
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Activation
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continued effort
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Persistence
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increased responding to achieve goal
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Intensity
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people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming
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Instinct Theories
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behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
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Drive Theories
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behavior is motivated by he pull of external goals, such as rewards, money; reinforcement
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Incentive Motivation
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based on observation that people experience both very high levels of arousal and very low levels of arousal as being unpleasant
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Arousal Theory
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emphasized psychological and cognitive components in human motivation
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Humanistic Theories
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the need to determine, control, and organize ones own behavior and goals so that they are in harmony with ones own interest and values
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Autonomy
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the need to learn and master appropriately challenging tasts
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Competence
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the need to feel attached to others and experience a sense of belonging, security, and intimacy
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Relatedness
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people with higher leptin levels have higher BMI
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Leptin Signal
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eat more when presented with a variety of food
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Cafeteria Diet Effect
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we eat more when we are with other people
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Social Situations
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personal conscious of your own subjective experiences
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Subjective Experience
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emotions are paired with feelings; palms sweat when nervous
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Physiological Experiences
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pair behavior with emotions; bounce leg when nervous
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Behavioral Experience
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perceive events, event leads to emotion, emotion leads to physiological responce
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Common Sense Approach
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perceives an events, physiological response, interpretation of emotion; bodily changes cause emotion
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James-Lange Theory
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suggests we feel emotions as a result of feedback from the face; facial expressions -> emotion
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facial Feedback Hypothesis
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emotion depends on 2 factors; 1- physiological arousal, 2- cognitive labeling of that arousal
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Schacter-Singer Theory
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