Psychology Exam 2 Chapter 5 Notes Part One

Front 1

Behaviorism was established by whom?

Back 1

John B. Watson

Front 2

Operant conditioning was developed by whom?

Back 2

B. F. Skinner

Front 3

Operant conditioning demonstrates...

Back 3

demonstrates how voluntary, activebehaviors are acquired through reinforcement, punishment, and shaping.

Front 4

Observational learning was studied by whom?

Back 4

Albert Bandura

Front 5

Observational learning shows what?

Back 5

how new behaviors can be acquiredthrough watching the actions of others

Front 6

define learningFibGɝ|

Back 6

a process that produces arelatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of anindividual’s experiencefont-f۟|

Front 7

What is conditioning?

Back 7

is the process of learningassociations between environmental events and behavioral responses.leNn|

Front 8

Thereare two basic types of conditioning:

Back 8

Classical conditioning &Operant conditioning

Front 9

explains how certain stimuli can trigger an autonomic response. nstall|

Back 9

Classical conditioning

Front 10

explains how we acquire new, voluntary actions

Back 10

Operant conditioning

Front 11

a Russian physiologist who firstdescribed the basic process of conditioning that is now called classical conditioning

Back 11

Ivan Pavlov

Front 12

Ivan Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize for...

Back 12

his work on the role of saliva indigestion.

Front 13

is a process of learning an association between two stimuli; it involves pairing a neutral stimuluswith an unlearned, natural stimulus that automatically elicits a reflexive response.

Back 13

classical conditioning

Front 14

The natural stimulus thatreflexively produces a response without prior learning is called the

Back 14

unconditionedstimulus (UCS)

Front 15

The unlearned, reflexive responsethat is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus is called the

Back 15

unconditioned response (UCR)

Front 16

is an originally neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a reflexive response.

Back 16

conditioned stimulus

Front 17

is the learned, reflexive response to a previouslyneutral stimulus.

Back 17

conditioned response

Front 18

The timing of stimulus presentations also affects

Back 18

the strength of the conditioned responseW9uU;|*

Front 19

conditioning is most effective whenthe conditioned stimulus is presented...

Back 19

immediately before theunconditioned stimulus. A half-second is the optimal time interval.

Front 20

occurs when a particularconditioned response is made to one specific stimulus but not toother, similar stimuli. odD|*

Back 20

Stimulus discrimination 153Gg|*

Front 21

occurs whenstimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus elicit theconditioned response, even though they have never been paired with theunconditioned stimulus.areast-mM|*

Back 21

Stimulus generalization 153Gg|*

Front 22

Pavlov found that a conditionedstimulus could itself function as an unconditioned stimulus in a newconditioning trial, called

Back 22

higher-order conditioning

Front 23

is the gradual weakening andapparent disappearance of the conditioned response.2|*

Back 23

extinction*|*

Front 24

is the reappearance of a previouslyextinguished conditioned response after a period without exposure to theconditioned stimulus.ll-co9|*

Back 24

Spontaneous recovery

Front 25

In the early 1900s, an American psychologist, founded a new school, or approach, inpsychology called behaviorism....

Back 25

John B. Watson

Front 26

Watson identified three emotionsthat he believed were innate unconditioned reflexes

Back 26

fear, rage, and love

Front 27

When a steel bar was banged behindhis head (_______________ __________), Albert responded with fear(_______________ __________).

Back 27

unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response

Front 28

After seven pairings of the loud noise and the white rat (______________ __________), the white rat alone triggered extreme fear (______________ __________)

Back 28

conditioned stimulus, the conditioned response

Front 29

Little Albert was now afraid ofother furry animals and a variety of fuzzy objects. What has occurred?

Back 29

Stimulus generalization

Front 30

an individual’s psychological andphysiological response to a fake treatment or drug

Back 30

placebo response

Front 31

According to American psychologist _________ __ ________, classical conditioning depends on the information the conditionedstimulus provides about the unconditioned stimulus. For learning to occur, theconditioned stimulus must be a reliable signal that predicts the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus

Back 31

Robert A. Rescorla

Front 32

For learning to occur, theconditioned stimulus must be a ________ _________ that predicts the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 32

reliable signal

Front 33

From his studies of classicalconditioning in rats, Rescorla concluded that animals assess the _________ _______ of stimuli

Back 33

predictive value

Front 34

a classically conditioned intense dislike for and avoidance of aparticular food that develops when an organism becomes illafter eating the food

Back 34

taste aversion

Front 35

Who demonstrated that taste aversionscould be produced in laboratory rats under controlled conditions?

Back 35

John Garcia

Front 36

the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli andresponses

Back 36

Biological preparedness

Front 37

Who was the first psychologist to systematically investigate animal behaviorand how voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences?

Back 37

Edward L. Thorndike

Front 38

Responses followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” are“strengthened” and are more likely to occur again in the same situation,whereas responses followed by an unpleasant or “annoying state of affairs” are“weakened” and less likely to occur again.

Back 38

Thorndike formula of the law of effect

Front 39

American psychologist B. F. Skinner searched for the “_______ _______” that would explain “order inbehavior.”

Back 39

lawful processes

Front 40

_____________ believed that psychology shouldrestrict itself to studying only phenomena that could be objectively measuredand verified

Back 40

B. F. Skinner

Front 41

describes any “active behavior thatoperates upon the environment to generate consequences.”

Back 41

Operant

Front 42

_____________ is said to occur when astimulus or an event follows an operant and increases the likelihood of theoperant being repeated.

Back 42

Reinforcement