Psychology Exam #2 Ch.7

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

memorizing is not learning**

Front 2

2 types of learning

Back 2

associative learning- learning that certain events occur together,

Observational learning- learning by observing others

Front 3

Classical conditioning vs. operant conditioning

Back 3

Classical condition has 2 stimuli

operant condition is all about response and consequence

Front 4

Conditioning

Back 4

Ivan Palvov Russian scientist
-association between environmental stimuli and the organism's responses (stimulus and response)

Front 5

Classical conditioning

Back 5

-process by which a previous neutral stimuli acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with an unconditioned stimulus

Front 6

US
CS
UR
CR

Back 6

unconditioned stimulus (natural)
conditioned stimulus
unconditioned response - natural response tp stimuli
conditioned response

Study images!!

Front 7

forming CS-US connection

Back 7

CS comes before US (most effective)
-follows it closely in time

CS is reliably with the US

Front 8

4 major conditioning processes

Back 8

extinction
high-order conditioning
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination

Front 9

Extinction (classical conditioning)

Back 9

-happens when stop pairing CS and US
-exstinguishes CS

Front 10

high order conditioning

Back 10

-adding another CS to have the same CR

Front 11

stimulus generalization

Back 11

-tendecy to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Front 12

stimulus discrimination

Back 12

-tendecy to respond differently to 2 or more similar stimuli
-when a similar sound does not provide the certain CR

Front 13

beliefs of classical conditioning

Back 13

-you could condition any stimulus; but thought disproves this belief!

Front 14

Behavorism

Back 14

-John B. Watson
-type of classical conditioning
-CER (Conditioned emotional response)
-Little albert experiment!!!

Front 15

operant conditioning

Back 15

type of learning in which behavior is influenced one way or another by reinforcers or punishments
-operant conditioning=behavior then stimulus follows

Front 16

Thorndikes' Law of Effect

Back 16

behavoiors followed by favorable consequences becomre more likely and vice versa

Front 17

B.F. Skinner

Back 17

-developed skinner box
-elaborated thorndike's law of effect

Front 18

Reinforcer

Back 18

any event that stengthens a certain behavior

Front 19

punishment

Back 19

any event that decreases a certain behavior

Front 20

positive reinforcement

Back 20

-adds something pleasant to strengthen behavior
-ex. getting allowance

Front 21

negative reinforcement

Back 21

-removes something unpleasant to strengthen behavior
-ex. taking aspirin for headache, take away chores

Front 22

positive punishment

Back 22

-adds something to decrease behavior
-ex. getting a ticket

Front 23

negative punishment

Back 23

-removes something to decrease behavior
-ex. taking away toys

Front 24

shaping

Back 24

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired
behavior

Front 25

successive approximations

Back 25

rewarding responses that are ever closer to the final desired behavior

Front 26

continuous reinforcement

Back 26

-every single time
-rapid acquisition
-rapid extinction

Front 27

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Back 27

-part time
-slower acquisition
-greater resistance to extinction

Front 28

Schedules of reinforcement in Operant Conditioning

Back 28

Fixed-ratio
variable ration
fixed interval
variable interval

Front 29

fixed-ration

Back 29

reinforces after a specified number of responses
-produces high rate of responding
-ex. 1:5

Front 30

variable-ratio

Back 30

-reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses
-hardest to extinguish
-ratio changes constantly
ex. slot machines

Front 31

fixed-interval

Back 31

-reinforces afer specified time has elapsed
-lower rate of responding
ex. checking mailbox

Front 32

variable-interval

Back 32

-reinforces at unpredictiable time intervals
-slow, steady responding
-ex. checking email

Front 33

punishment

Back 33

-tells where and when they can do things
-biggest problem with punishment is that the subject learns when and where he/she can get away with something

Front 34

external reinforcers

Back 34

-secondary, learned
-reinforcers not inherently related to the behavior being reinforced
*External reinforces may undermine internal reinforcers

Front 35

internal reinforcers

Back 35

-primary, natural
-reinforcers inherently related to the behavior being reinforced
-ex. fun=internal reinforcer

Front 36

Classical vs. operant

Back 36

-classical response is involuntary while operant respose is voluntary
-acquired by associating events (classical) and consequences (operant)
-extinction by repeating CS alone (classical) and when reinforcement stops (operant)

Front 37

cognitive learning

Back 37

-ex. studying for a test
-learning that involves internal mental processes (thinking)
-Edward Tolman was earliest cognitive scientist

Front 38

latent learning

Back 38

-disproves theory that reinforcement is necessary for learned behavior
-just b/c you didn't do the activity doesn't mean you didn't learn

Front 39

Social cognitive theories

Back 39

Observational learning - learning by observing others

modeling- copy, mimic, imitatiing

Front 40

Bandura's Bodo Doll study

Back 40

-children who watched the video were significantly more violent afterward than children in a control group
-we learn antisocial and prosocial behavior through observation