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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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memory
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the retention of info of experience over time as the result of three key processes; encoding, storage, and retrieval
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encoding (definition)
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the process by which information gets into memory storage |
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storage (definition)
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retention of info over time and how this info is represented in memory
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retrieval (definition)
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pullin info out of storage for use
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encoding (characteristics)
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-Crucial to creating long term memory -Automatic processing ~space, time, frequency ex) forgetting your keys and retracing your steps even though you weren't actively thinking about where you were -Effortful processing ~creates very durable memories takes rehearsal to remember |
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divided attention
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-associated with encoding -bad for creating memories ex) watching tv while studying |
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sustained attention (vigilance)
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-associated with encoding -good for creating memories -putting all of your focus into one thing |
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levels of processing
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1. shallow processing- bad 2. intermediate processing- okay 3. deep processing- good |
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elaboration
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-another way to conceptualize processing ~by elaborating on an experience, we can increase the number of connections present in our cognitive network, and enhance our ability to retrieve the info -more elaboration promotes better memory formation |
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imagery
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-also enhances events being encoded ~really a unique form of elaboration -improves the memory of dual coding -attached multiple types of information to a single event or item to be remembered, increasing the likelihood of retrieval |
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theories of memory
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-Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage processing model -Baddeley's working memory model |
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Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage processing model
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-sensory stores -short-term stores -long-term stores |
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A&S model- sensory stores
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-all info we get from environment enter this level -lasts for a very short time |
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iconic memory
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-part of sensory stores -visual information- fraction of a second ex) letters flashing associated with sounds |
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echoic memory
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-part of sensory stores -auditory information- 3 to 4 seconds |
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short-term stores
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-short duration (15-20 seconds) ~can be increased by continual force |
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rule of short term capacity
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7 + or - 2 seconds -short-term stores |
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chunking
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remember phone numbers as groups of 3 then 3 then 4 -short-term stores |
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mnemonic device
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acronyms, stories, phrases, songs -short-term stores |
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long-term stores
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-may last forever -split into explicit and implicit memories |
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declarative/explicit memory
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-long-term stores -split into episodic and semantic memories |
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episodic memory
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*declarative/explicit memory -events that occurred in your own life ~memories of your 8th birthday |
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semantic memory
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*declarative/explicit memory -organization of knowledge about the world ~knowing the bday of psych (1879) |
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implicit memory
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-procedural memory -classical conditioning -priming |
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procedural memory
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*implicit memory -how things must be done ex) how to ride a bike |
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classical conditioning
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*implicit memory -if learned this way it is stored in procedural memory |
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priming
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-a process by which existing information is activated subconsciously -improves ability to form new memories |
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Baddeley's Model
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-working memory (as opposed to STM) -3 major components ~visuo-spatial sketchpad ~phonological loop ~central executive |
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visuo-spatial
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*Baddelys model -temporal storage of visual information |
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phonological loop
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*Baddelys model -rehearsal of auditory/verbal information |
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central executive
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*Baddeleys model -directs attention to the components |
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hippocampus
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-active in both formation and retrieval of explicit memories -left side associated with verbal information -right side associated with visio-spatial info -located near the temporal lobes |
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cerebellum
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involved in implicit memory formation/storage
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Case Study: H.M.
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look that stuff up
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primacy
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-enhanced ability to recall items at the beginning of a list
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regency
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-enhanced ability to recall items at the end of a list |
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recall
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-type of info retrieval that requires an individual to pull previously learned info out of long term storage ex)short answer test question |
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recognition
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-type of info retrieval that requires an individual to identify previously learned information ex) multiple choice |
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retrieval cues
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-context effect -mood |
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context effect
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-retrieval is easiest in the context in which the information was encoded in the first place ex) deja vu |
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mood
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-more likely to remember memories previously encoded with a similar mood |
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forgetting
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may be due to -encoding failure -storage decay -retrieval failure |
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encoding failure
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inattention to detail |
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storage decay
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forgetting curves |
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retrieval failure
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interference (proactive/retroactive) ex) the old pro blocks the newbie |
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amnesia
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-infantile -anterograde -retrograde |
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infantile amnesia
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-most common ex) cant remember the first time you met your own parents |
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anterograde amnesia
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blocks retention of new information |
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retrograde amnesia
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blocks retrieval of old information
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misinformation effects of memory construction
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-the incorporation of inaccurate info into our memory of an event -can be instigated by wording of questions or misperception ex)brother remembers being in the front row watching when in reality we were 15 rows back |
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source amnesia (misattribution) of memory construction
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-attributing the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined -combined with misinformation effects, accounts for most false memories |
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