Psychology Exam 2

Front 1

Preattentive Processing

Back 1

Extracting information automatically or simultaneously across the visual field

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Attentive Processing

Back 2

Procedures that consider only one part of the visual field at a time

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Stroop Effect

Back 3

Exemplifies how these processes differ (refers to Preattentive and attentive processes)

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Sensory Store

Back 4

We think remember everything in a recently scanned scene

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Change in blindness

Back 5

Fail to detect changes in a scene on viewing it again

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Attentional blink

Back 6

Shifting Attention

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Spreading activation

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Thinking of one concept "Primes" or activates concepts associated with it

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Algorithms

Back 8

Mechanical, repetitive, step-by-step procedures for arriving at solutions

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Heuristics

Back 9

Strategies to simplify problems or guiding investigations

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Maximize

Back 10

Considering every possibility to identify the best choice (Uses algorithms)

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Satisfy

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To stop at a good-enough choice (uses heuristics)

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Representativeness heuristic

Back 12

if an item resembles members of a particular category we assume it belongs there.

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base-rate information

Back 13

Data on the frequency or probability of an event (more accurate Judgments)

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Availability heuristic

Back 14

We use remembered examples of an event to assess how common the event is

Front 15

Overconfidence

Back 15

We believer our answers are more accurate than they are.

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Premature commitment to a Hypothesis

Back 16

Leads to failire to consider other plausible possibilities

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Functional Fixedness

Back 17

is a special kind of premature commitment

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Framing effect

Back 18

Answering a question differently when phrasing changes

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Sunk cost effect

Back 19

Most likely participate or attend if paid for

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Deep structure

Back 20

The intended meaning of statements (understanding a language and the terminology)

Front 21

Transformational Grammar

Back 21

Using words and grammar, deep structures can be made into differently arranged statements all conveying the same idea. (coined by Noam Chomsky)

Front 22

Williams syndrome

Back 22

Associated with mental retardation, but excellent language skills

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Who were the Nativists?

Back 23

Chomsky and Pinker

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Language acquisition device (Language instinct)

Back 24

Believe that a built-in, brain based mechanism for learning language exists at birth

Front 25

Poverty of stimulus

Back 25

argument supports nativism

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Parentese

Back 26

Using slow, high-pitched speech this way enhances early language learning

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Broca's Area

Back 27

vital for using and understanding grammatical devices - prepositions, conjunctions, prefixes, suffixes, etc....

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Wernicke's area

Back 28

important for naming objects and comprehending language

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aphasia

Back 29

inability to process or use language

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Stages of language development

Back 30

3 month: Random vocalizations (cooing)

6 months: More distinct babbling

1 year: Jargon (babbling with speech inflection)

1 1/2 years: Says some words, a few phrases

2 years: speaks in two-word phrases

2 1/2 years: grammatically uneven sentences

3 years: 1000 word vocab and better sentences

4years: close to adult facility with speech

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word-superiority effect

Back 31

It's easier to recongnize individual letters when they are part of a word as opposed to when standing alone or as part of a nonsense cluster.

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Phonemes

Back 32

Units of sounds (single letters or combinations of letters)

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Morphemes

Back 33

Units of meaning - usually syllables or words

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Fixations

Back 34

are stationary periods

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Saccades

Back 35

Are quick eye movements between fixation points

Front 36

Intelligence

Back 36

Is a combination of general abilities and practiced skill.

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"G" Factor

Back 37

Spearman proposed that performance in all tasks of mental ability depend on a single general ability factor

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Fluid intelligence

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is used in active reasoning/problem-solving and applying information (part of the g factor)

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Crytallized intelligence

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is acquired skills and knowledge (part of the g factor)

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Gardner's theory

Back 40

Skills for intellectual activities seem to correlate with each other.

substantive evidence for the existence of "g"

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Multiple intelligences

Back 41

A collection of separate unrelated forms of intelligence

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Triarchic Theory

Back 42

Proposed by Robert Sternberg; intelligence is distinguished 3 aspects of intelligent behavior

1: Cognitive processes within the individual

2: The situations that require intelligence

3: The relationship of intelligence to the external word

Front 43

IQ tests

Back 43

are designed to measure potential to succeed in school and similar settings.

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WISC and WAIS

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WISC: (Wechsler intelligence Scale for Children)

WAIS: (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)

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Matrices

Back 45

Designed to measure abstract reasoning abilities

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Standardization

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Establishes rules for test administration and score interpretation

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Norms

Back 47

Descriptions of score frequencies in the population

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Normal Distribution

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Scores on characteristics of interest approximate bell-shaped curve

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Flynn Effect

Back 49

As society progresses, test developers develop harder test to keep the mean at 100

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Test-retest reliability

Back 50

is the degree of correlation between scores on the first test and a retest.

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Content Validity

Back 51

is achieved when the test's items accurately, represent the information it's designed to gauge

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Stereotype threat

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Suggests that societal expectations influence individual performance on IQ and other cognitive tests (Claude Steele)

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Drives

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Are states of unrest or irritation that energize behavior until the source is eliminated

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Drive-reduction theory

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States that animals strive to reduce drives to the greatest extent possible

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Homeostasis

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An organism's maintenance of optimum balanced biological states

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Incentives

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Are stimuli that pull us toward certain actions

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Intrinsic Motivation

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Drives activity from within for its own sake

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extrinsic Motivation

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is external - based on reinforcements and punishments that may follow behaviors

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Overjustification

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Extrinsic motivations given for intrinsically motivated behavior may reduce or interfere with performance of the latter.

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Abraham Maslow

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Proposed that people have a hierarchy of motivating needs, biological needs must be satisfied.

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Scientific-Management approach (Theory X):

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Employees are lazy, indifferent and not creative. They need easy, strictly supervised tasks

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Human-relations approach (Theory Y):

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Workers seek responsibility, a variety of tasks, and sense of accomplishment

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Transformational

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Leaders articulate visions of the future (challenge and motivate subordinates to be creative)

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Transcational

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Leaders try to make the organization more efficient at its mission (rely on incentives for performance)

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Glucose

Back 65

is the most abundant sugar in the blood, source of energy

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Insulin

Back 66

Increases the flow of nutrients into body cells

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Glucagon

Back 67

Converts and releases stored nutrients into the blood when energy is needed

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set Point

Back 68

Level maintained by the brain

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Leptin

Back 69

secreted by fat cells, is part of the long-term weight regulations system

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Lateral hypothalamus

Back 70

Stimulates appetite.

If damaged can lead to starvation due to lack of interest in food.

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Vertromedial hypothalamus

Back 71

controls the rate of digestion

if damaged food is digested quickly

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Paraventricular hypothalamus

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regulates short-term satiety

if damaged one might eat until one bursts

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Who was Alfred C. Kinsey

Back 73

Conducted the first major survey of human sexual behavior

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Persona

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A Latin word meaning "Mask"

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Psychoanalysis

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A method of explaining personality based on interplay of internal conscious and unconscious forces

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Unconscious

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mind hold memories, emotions and thoughts, including irrational or socially unacceptable ones.

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libido

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To signify innate psychosexual energy (from the Latin word "Desire")

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First stage of Psychosexual development

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The Oral stage (first year of life): Pleasure from stimulation of the mouth, from breastfeeding etc.

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second stage of Psychosexual development

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Anal Stage (about 1 to 3 years old): Pleasure derived from stimulation of the anal sphincter (controlling elimination)

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Third stage of Psychosexual development

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Phallic stage (About 3 to 6 years): Derives from stimulation of the genitals

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fourth stage of Psychosexual development

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Latent Period (About 6 years to adolescence): Psychosexual interest is suppressed.

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Fifth stage of Psychosexual development

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Genital Stage (Adolescence and beyond): The individual has strong sexual interest in other people.

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Freud's structure of personality (3 components)

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Id: biological drives that demand immediate gratification

Ego: The rational, negotiating and decision- part of personality

Superego: Internalized values and rules from parents, institutions and society.

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Defense Mechanisms

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Keep these thoughts and feelings banished in the unconscious

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Rationalization

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"Making excuses" and reframing unpleasant events or actions as beneficial or appropriate

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Repression

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"Motivated forgetting" of unacceptable thoughts and feelings

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regression

Back 87

a return to juvenile behavior

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Denial

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Refusal to acknowledge a problem

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Displacement

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Diversion of unacceptable thoughts or impulses from true targets to less threatening ones

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Reaction formation

Back 90

Showing thoughts or feeling extremely opposite of one's true ones

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Sublimation

Back 91

Channeling sexual/aggressive energies into acceptable and pro-social behaviors

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Projection

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Attributing one's own undesirable characteristics or motives to other people

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Strive for superiority

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Seek personal excellence and fulfillment

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Style of life

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Plan for achieving

Front 95

Inferiority complex

Back 95

exaggerated feelings of inadequacy

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Social Interest

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A sense of belonging and identification with other people

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Peak experiences

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Moments when a person feels truly fulfilled or content

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Self actualization

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A state of achieving one's full potential

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self concept

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an image of the person they are

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Idea self

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An image of who they'd like to be

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Unconditional positive regard

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The acceptance of the person as he or she is

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Conditional positive regard

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The person is esteemed only when fulfilling requirements set for them by others

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Nomothetic Approach

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Identifies general law describing aspects of personality influencing behavior

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Idiographic Approach

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uses intensive case studies producing conclusions that cant generally applied

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trait

Back 105

A consistent long-lasting behavioral tendency - like sociability, shyness etc..

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State

Back 106

A temporary activation of particular behavior

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trait approach to personality

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The search for consistent personality characteristics that can be measured

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Neuroticism (Big 5 personality traits)

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is a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily

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Extraversion (Big 5 personality traits)

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is a tendency to seek stimulation and enjoy the company of other people

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Agreeableness (Big 5 personality traits)

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is a tendency to be compassionate rather than antagonistic toward others

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Concientiousness (Big 5 personality traits)

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is a tendency to show self-discipline, to be reliable and to strive for competence and achievement

Front 112

Openness to Experience (Big 5 personality traits)

Back 112

refers to a tendency to enjoy new experiences and new ideas

Front 113

Barnum effect

Back 113

Produced by popular and well- regarded personality assessment tools suffer to some extent

Front 114

MMPI

Back 114

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: composed of 567 true or false question to measure ones personality dimensions

Front 115

MBTI

Back 115

Myers-Brigs Type Indicator: Based on Jungian theory and easy to administer

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Rorschach Inkblots

Back 116

reflects on the influence of behavior in ambiguous situations

Front 117

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Back 117

Series of pictures to test subject and create a story for each picture

Front 118

Emotional Stroop Test

Back 118

Implicit Personality test: list of words and say the color of the ink in which each is printed

Front 119

The implicit Association Test

Back 119

The assumption is related to "Priming" The subject responds faster to the categories that combine a topic with pleasant or unpleasant words