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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up processing? In each process, which system begins the processing?
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Bottom-Up Processing- Entry level processing. starting with sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing.
Top-Down- Processing from prior experience and expectations. |
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What is the difference between an absolute and subliminal threshold?
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Absolute- Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
Subliminal- When stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. |
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What is sensory adaption?
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when sensory receptors change their sensitivity to the stimulus
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How are hue, wavelength, and intensity/brightness determined?
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They are determined by the frequency and amplitude of the wave length.
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What are the four major parts of the eye?
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Cornea- Transparent Tissue where light enters eye
Retina- Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain. Iris- Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening for light. Lens- Focuses light rays on the retina. |
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How are intensity/loudness and frequency/pitch determined?
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Intensity is determined by the amplitude of the wavelength. Frequency/Pitch is determined is determined by the frequency of the wavelength.
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What is the role of the cochlea in transmitted vibrations in hearing?
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Cochlea- small snail shaped tube in the inner ear. Incoming vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to vibrate.
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How is perception organized?
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Form- Organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings.
Grouping- organization of figures into meaningful groups. Depth- Enables us to judge distance. Binocular Cues- images from 2 eyes differ Monocular Cues- perception of smaller objects being farther away. |
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Define the various depth cues?
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Retina Disparity
Relative Size Interposition Relative Height Relative Motion Linear Perspective Light and Shadow |
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What is a perceptual set?
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A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
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What are three claims of ESP?
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Telepathy- Mind to mind
Clairvoyance- Perception of remote events Precognition- Perceiving future events |
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Define classical conditioning. Be sure to be able to use the US, UR, CS, CR in an example.
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A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
UR- Unconditioned response ex. salivation US- unconditioned stimulus ex. food CR- Conditioned response ex. tone CS- conditioned stimulus ex. salivation to tone |
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What is extinction?
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When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually cause extinction.
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What is stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?
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Generalization- Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS.
Discrimination- distinguish from similar stimuli |
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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An extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers
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How is operant conditioning different than classical conditioning?
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operant conditioning- rewarding behavior in order for it to occur again.
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How is behavior shaped?
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reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations
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What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment? How can you tell if it is positive or negative?
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Reinforcement- Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
Punishment- an Aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows Positive reinforcement includes adding a desired stimulus (Ex. Hug/paycheck) and negative is the removal of an aversive stimulus (Ex. fastening seat belts). |
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What are the various schedules of reinforcement? How do they influence learning?
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Fixed Ratio- ex. piece work pay
Variable ratio- unpredictable ex. gambling Fixed interval- ex. preparing for an exam when the exam draws close. Variable interval- unpredictable time intervals. ex. pop quiz |
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What are mirror neurons?
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The ability to feel empathy for another person
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What is latent learning?
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learning that becomes apparent when an incentive is given
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What is observational learning?
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imitating others behavior
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What is the three stages model of memory?
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Sensory Memory
Short Term Long Term |
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How is memory encoded? What is the difference between automatic and effortful encoding?
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Memory is encoded by processing some external event into our sensory memory. Automatic memory- w/o conscious effort (Space, Time, Frequency). Effortful encoding is w/ conscious effort
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How do we organize information for encoding?
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Divide complex information into sub categories.
1. Chunking (history dates) 2. Acronyms (homes) 3. Hierarchies (mineral chart) |
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What is the difference between recall and recognition?
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Recall- More encoded learning (essay/fill in the blanks)
Recognition- recognizing answers (multiple choice) |
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What are recency and primacy effects? Which typically results in better learning?
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Primacy- beginning of the list
Recency- end of list Primacy is the better option. |
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Where are distinguished memories encoded? What does this say about the possibility of repressed memories?
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Distinguished memories are encoded in the hippocampus. Heightened emotions cause stronger memories. Flashbulb memories are clear memories which makes them harder to repress.
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What are the major steps in language production?
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Babbling (4 months)
One word stage (1 year) Two word Stage (2nd year) (Go car) Longer Phrases (2nd year on) syntactical sense and humor |
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What are two theories of language development?
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Operant learning- language development may be explained on the basis of learning principles such as association, imitation and reinforcement.
Inborn Universal Grammar- the rate of language acquisition is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles. |
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Define linguistic determinism.
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Language shapes the way we perceive things. Ex. Hopi indians don't use the past tense.
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What is some evidence that animals communicate?
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KOKO
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Name four problem solving styles
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Trial and Error
Algorithms (all possibilities) Heuristics (judgment calls to solve problems efficiently) Insight (sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem) |
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Define two obstacles in problem solving.
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Confirmation Bias- A tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias.
Fixation- inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. |
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Define the availability and representative heuristic. How are they alike/different?
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Representative Heuristic- Judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular prototype (Stereotyping appearance).
Availability- Whatever increases the ease of retrieving information increases its perceived availability. (smoking isn't bad). |
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What are possible biases in decision making?
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Overconfidence- overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs.
Exaggerated Fear- opposite of overconfidence (9/11 attacks). |
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38. What are three major ways of conceptualizing intelligence? Who authored these theories? How do they differ from one another?
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Spearman- general intelligence is linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis. Factor Analysis
Gardner- 8 intelligence forms. Existential intelligence, Sternberg- 3 intelligence forms, Analytical, Creative and Practical. |
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39. How is intelligence measured? What are some of the arguments associated with measuring intelligence?
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Intelligence is whatever the intelligence test measures.
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40. In what ways are girls and boys different in terms of intellectual abilities?
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Girls are better spellers, larger vocabs, locating objects, more sensitive to touch, taste, color, detecting emotion.
Boys are better at math problem solving. |
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41. What is emotional intelligence?
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Emotional Intelligence- the ability to perceive, understand and use emotions.
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42. Define stereotype threat?
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Stereotype threat- a self confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotype (African american testing).
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What are factors that determine intelligence?
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Environmental, Race and schooling.
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What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
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Once our lower level needs are met, we are prompted to satisfy our higher level needs. Physiological needs, safety needs, love needs, esteem needs, self actualization needs and self transcendence needs.
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How is hunger sensed?
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Stomach contractions send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger
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Define the sexual response cycle.
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Excitement (lubrication/erection)
Plateau (breathing pulse and blood pressure peak) Orgasm (Contractions all over the body/sexual release) Resolution (refractory phase) |
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What are the four theories of motivation?
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1. Instinct Theory- fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned
2. Drive-Reduction Theory-Where our needs push, incentives (positive or negative stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives. 3. Arousal Theory- Human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it. Young monkeys and children are known to explore the environment in the absence of a need-based drive. 4. Hierarchy of Motives- certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. |
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What is flow? How does it contribute to happiness in the workplace? What else contributes to workplace satisfaction?
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Flow- experience between no work and a lot of work. People who flow in their work are driven less by extrinsic rewards(money) and more by intrinsic rewards.
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