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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Study of behavior and mental processes
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pyschology
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What is the birthdate of psychology and where
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1879 and in Leipzing Germany at University of Leipzing
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Name behavioral processes
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yelling, screaming, laughing, crying
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Name mental processes
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dreams, thoughts, feelings
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The view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses and science flourishes through observation and experiment
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Empiricism
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The first trace of psychology
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In ancient Greece by Socrates and Plato
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What did Socrates and Plato think?
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They believed that the mind is separable from the body and continues to be after death
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What did Aristotle think?
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The soul is not sepearable from the body.
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Who later agreed with Plato and Socrates in the 1600s?
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Rene Descartes
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Who wrote "An Essay concerning Human Understanding" in the 1700s?
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John Locke
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What did Rene Descartes think animals had
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spirits in the brain
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What did Locke believe?
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the mind at birth is blank; experience writes it.
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What formed Modern Empiricism?
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Bacon and Lockes ideas
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Who founded Psychology
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Wilhelm Wundt
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How did they discover psychology
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by a machine that measured a lag between hearing and touching- it focused on reflexes "atoms of the Mind"
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What process did psychology begin with
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Mental
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What was the first school ever?
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Structuralism
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What did the school of Structualism use?
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introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.
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What is Introspection
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Looking inward
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Who introduced structuralism
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Edward Bradford Titchener
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What did Titchener engage people to do?
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report elements of the experience after EXAMPLE: looking at rose- what did it smell like, what did it feel like
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Why did structuralism fail>
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because not everyone feels the same way about one particular subject
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What did Structuralism focus on?
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Mind all the way until the 1920s
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A school of Psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable the organism to adapt, survive and flourish?
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Functionalism
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Why is Functionalism important?
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It was the 1st american school of psychology
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Functionalism was lead by
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William James
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James was 1 of the first professors to-
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solicit end of course student evals and letting a female enter his graduate seminar
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American Psychological Associations 1st Female President in 1905 was-
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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1st woman to get a psychology PhD and also wrote "The Animal Mind" was-
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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What did William James write in 12 years?
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Principles of Psychology
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Who studied the whole organism not just the part
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Gestalt
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Historic perspective that emphasized growth potential of healthy people and used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth is-
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Humanistic Psychology
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Wundt was a
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Philospher and physiologist
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James was a(n)
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American Philospher
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Ivan Pavlov was a
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Russian Physiologist
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Sigmund Freud was an
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austrian physician
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What did Freud do
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He emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconcious thought processes affect our behavior
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Championed psychology as the sciece of behavior by using "little Albert" was
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John B. Watson and help by Rosalie Rayner
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Behaviorist that rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior was
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B.F. Skinner
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Made a quilt, "Crazy about Psychology", about the 1st Century and professor at College of New Jersey
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Nancy S. Breland
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Both Emphasized importance of current enviornmental influences on growth potential, and importance of meeting our needs for love was-
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Rogers and Maslow. They found humanistic psychology to be to mechanistic.
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1960s psychology recaptured mental processes and how we retain information
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Cognitive Revolution- it involoved Pervieve, process and Remember
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Found outside of school by Freud with study of Personality
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Psychoanalysis
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thought that Unconcious Mental Behavior guided everything we did. "Free Association" When you say cat, you think Dog. it was by dream anaylsis
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Abnormal Behavior
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Why people do what they do-
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Behaviorism
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Watson was trained as a
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Functionalist
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The study of the interaction of thought processes and brain function is-
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Cognitive Neuroscience- It also helped in treating depression.
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Subjective experiences inferred from Behavior-
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Mental processes
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Anything an organism does
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Behavior
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The key word in psychology's definition is
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Science
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Psychology can trace its roots back to
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India, China, the Middle East and Europe
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Buddha and Confucious focused on-
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the power and origin of ideas
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_____ ran the first true experiments in psychology's first lab.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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until the 1920's, psychology was a
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"science of mental life" studied through introspection.
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humanistic psychology led by watson and skinner in the 1960s, focused on three things.
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1. importance of enviornmental influences 2. personal growth 3. the needs for love and acceptance
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Cognitive Psychologists are broadening our understanding as
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"science of mental and behavior processes."
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The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of pscyhological traits and behaviors is-
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Nature-Nurture Issue
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Caused by genes, enviornment of the interaction of these.
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Nature-Nurture Issue
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The princle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations is
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Natural selection
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The biggest and most persistent issue of psychology was
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The relative contributions of biology and experience.
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argued that natural selection shapes behviors as well as bodies in 1831-
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Charles Darwin
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Darwin wrote what in 1859 that explained diversity of life by propsing an evolutionary process.
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Origin of Species
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Animal structures (such as why polar bear coats are white) and animal behaviors (such as the emotional expressions associated with lust and rage) is the theory called
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Natural Selection
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Hereditary and environmental influences on temperament, intelligence, and other traits is used on identical twins because of their same genes-
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A nature-made nature-nurture experiment
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The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon is
Example would be the explanation of why grizzly bears hibernate. |
levels of analysis
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an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis is
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biopsychosocial approach
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______ works on what nature endows
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Nurture
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Genetic predispositions
genetic mutations natural selection of adaptive physiology and behaviors Genes responding to the enviornment |
Biological influences
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Learned fears and other learned expectations
Emotional responses Cognitive processing and peceptual interpreations |
Psychological influences
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Presence of others
Cultural,societal, and family expectations Peer and other group influences Compelling models (ex. media) |
Social-Cultural Influences
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3 different ways mind and body work together-
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1. Nature-Nurture Issue
2. Stability vs. Change 3. Irraitonality vs. Rationality |
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Are we changing? Do our characteristics change as we get older?
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Stability vs. Change
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Chemistry problems in brain, genes, such as alcholosim deals with the
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Biological influences
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Emotional, personality disorder deals with the
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psychological influences
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Peers, those around you, media deals with
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Social-Cultural Influences
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How the body and brain enable eotions, memories, and sensory experiences; How are messages transmitted within the body?
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Neuroscience
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How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes; how does evolution influence behavior tendencies?
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Evolutionary
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How much our genes and our enviornment influence our individual differences
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Behavior Genetics
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How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
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Psychodynamic
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How we learn observable responses; How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations?
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Behavioral
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How we encode, process, store, and retrieve info. How do we use info in remembering?
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Cognitive
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How behavior and thinking vary across situations and culturals
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social-cultural
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Someone working from the ___________ perspective might study the brain circuits taht produce the physical state of being "red in the Face" and "hot under the collar."
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Neroscience
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Someone working from the _________ perspective might analyze how aner facilitated teh survival of our ancestors' genes.
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Evolutionary
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Someone working from the _____ perspective might study how heredity and experience influence our individul differences in temperament.
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Behavior Genetics
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Someone working from the _______ erspective might view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility.
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Psychodynamic
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Someone working from the _________ perspective might study the facial expressions and body gestures that accompany anger, or might attempt to determine which external stimuli result in angry responses or aggressive acts.
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Behavioral
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Someone working on the ______ perspective might study how our interpretion of a situation affects our anger and how our aner affects our thinking.
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Cognitive
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Someone working on the _________ perspective might explore which situations produce the most anger, and how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts.
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Social-Cultural
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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basic rsearch.
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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applied research
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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often realted to school, work or marriage) and in achieveing greater well being
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counseling psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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clinical psychology
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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, Drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
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Psychiatry
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Experiment with, observe, test, and treat behavior.
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psychologists
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both _ and _ psychologists administer and interpret tests, provide conseling and therapy. and sometimes conduct basic and applied research.
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Counseling and clinical
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The psychological analysis of historical characters
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Psycohistory
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the study of language and thinking
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psycholinguistics
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the study of crackpots
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psychoceramics
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contemporary psychology takes place in
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69 countries
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the view of plato and descartes
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nature
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the view of aristotle and locke
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nurture.
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Psychologists now believe taht in most cases, every psychological event is simultaneously a
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biological event
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often done by biological, developmental, cognitve, personality, and social psychologists
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basic research
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sometimes conducted by industrial/organizational psychologists
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applied research
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is a doctor and perscribes medication
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psychiatrist
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longer years and PhD in psychology; cannot perscribe medicine in some states
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psychologist
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i knew it all along
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hingsight bias
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misjudge our ability, when we know what we do seek out evidence like babies "i can do it"
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overconfidence
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interrelated contexts; 1. effectively organize a range of ovservation 2. apply clear predictions
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Theory
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testable prediction
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Hypothesis
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specifies the operations or procedures used to produce or measure something; gives it a numerical value
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operational definition
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repeating the essence of a research study ex: somebody may count aggression or violence differently but use same essence
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replication
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4 steps of Scientific Method
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1. theory
2. hypothesis 3. operational definition 4. replication |
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4 Goals of Psychology
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1. Describe Behavior
2. Explain Behavior 3. Predict Behavior 4. Change Behavior |
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Nonexperimental Methods:
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1. Descriptive Study Methods
2. Correlation |
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2 types of Descriptive Study Methods:
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1. Case Study
2. Survey |
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2 types of Correlation:
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1. Positive Correlation
2. Negative Correlation |
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1 or more studied in great detail ex: individual may be atypical limitations
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Case Study
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describe characteristics on small amount of people
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survey
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problems with using a survey:
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1. wording effects
2. Random sampling 3. Naturalistic observation |
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it may not be understandable
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wording effects
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sample biased; 1 in which every person in an entire group could be chosen representative group according to proportions
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random sampling
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observing behavior in natural enviornment; it is time consuming, cost effective, and lacks control. Behavior changes when know someone is watching
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Naturalistic observation
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Statistical measure of relationship. It DOESNOT prove cause and effect just that there is a relationship.
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Correlation
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direct relationship between 2 variables either is up and up or down and down. ex: attendance in class and good test grades; lack of sleep and energy level
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Positive Correlation
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inversely related up and down
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brushing teeth and tooth decay
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2 types of Experimental Method
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1. Experimental Group "treatment"
2. Control Group |
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what you manipulate; what is being studied
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independent variable
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what you measure; outcome factor
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dependent variable
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researchers dont know who is taking what
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double-blind procedure
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when researchers influence the outcome
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experimental bias
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how to measure
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Data
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frequently occuring
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mode
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score in the middle
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median
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average divide by the number
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mean
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2 types of errors with statistics:
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1. Type 1 error
2. Type 2 error |
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conclude there is a difference when there is not
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Type 1 error
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conclude there is not a difference when there was
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type 2 error
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