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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-What is the formal definition of psychology?
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Formally defined, psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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What are traits every scientist should adhere to?
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Critical Thinking
Objectivity Skepticism Curiosity |
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Rene Descartes argued
(Psychology has it's roots in Philosphy) |
Later philosophers, especially René Descartes, argued that the mind and body were completely separate, and they focused their attention on the mind.
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Socrates, Plato, and Aristole argued
(Psychology has it's roots in Philosphy) |
Plato, Aristotle, and others debated the nature of thought and behavior, including the possible link between the mind and the body
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William Wundnt founded?
His research consisted of? When was his research done? |
-Founded contemporary psychology in Dec. 1879, Leipzeg
-Tested Reaction times |
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Johne Locke
-What did he postulate |
-He postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa
-he maintained that we are born without innate ideas |
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Plato
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Believed in Innate forms
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Renes Descartes
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Believed that mind and body were one
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I.d
(Component of Structure) |
-Your id is formed at birth and contains your basic human biological urges, and basic instincts such as hunger, thirst, and sexual impulses.
-Operates under the pleasure center, which deems that these impulses be satisified instantaneously, regardless of reason, logic, saftey or morality -Contantly seeking expression -Operates unconsciously |
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Ego
(Component of Structure) |
-The reason you do not let these id impulses get the best of you, is because of your ego which operates via reality principle.
-Reality principle means that you are alert to the real world and the consequences of behavior. -The Ego is conscious, and its job is to satisfy your id's urges but to do so by means that are rational and reasonably safe. |
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Superego
(Component of Structure) |
-Your ego has limitations placed on it by your superego
-Requires that the ego find solutions that are moral and ehtical, according to your own internalized set of rules about what is right and wrong. -If you break these rules your conscience will punish your, using guilt -Superego referred to as Conscience -Works on conscious and unconscious levels |
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Anxiety
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-Occurs when the demands of the id become too strong to be adequatly controlled by the ego
-Occurs when id's desires edged their way into your consciousness, and overpowers ego., - |
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Defense Mechanisms
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-Psychological weapons that your ego uses to protect you from your self created anxiety
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Repression
(Ego Defense Mechanism) |
-Most basic defense mechanism
-Freud widely referred to this as the only true mechanism until later years -When a person uses repressive forces to abolish disturbing thoughts completely out of consciousness -Consequently the anxiety that exists with the forbidden thought perishes, a successful avoidance -In a freudian view, repression is often employed to rid of anxiety produced by unacceptable sexual desires |
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Regression
(Ego Defense Mechanism) |
-A defense used to guard against anxiety by causing the person to retreat to the behaviors of an earlier stage of development that was less demanding and safer
EG : When a second sibling is born and the older displays younger developmental behaviors, EG : Midlife Crisis |
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Projection
(Ego defense mechanism) |
-Your unconscious urges will be projected onto others, seeing them with your impulses
-You will not be aware, and the accusation will not always be true EG : Unfaithful man sees his behavior in wife, produces jealousy. |
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Reaction Formation
(Ego Defense Mechanism) |
-When a person is experiencing forbidden or evil thoughts, the anxiety produced by them might be thwarted by doing the exact opposite.
EG : Gay bashing |
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Sublimation
(Ego Defense Mechanism) |
-When people invoke they are finding socially acceptable ways of discharging anxious energy that is the result of unconscious forbidden desires
-Eg a girl who horseback rides might be interpreted as a sublimation for forbidden sexual desires |
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• Four Key Ideas of the Psychoanalytic Approach
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1. Psychic Determinism
2. Internal Structure 3. Mental Energy 4. Psychic Conflict |
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Psychic determinism
(• Four Key Ideas of the Psychoanalytic Approach) -What is psychic determinism? -What is the unconscious? |
-Everything that happens in a person’s mind has a specific cause that can be identified, if you look hard enough.
-A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories |
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Internal Structure
(• Four Key Ideas of the Psychoanalytic Approach) |
Id – irrational or emotional part
Ego – the rational part Superego – the moral part |
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Mental Energy, or Libido
(• Four Key Ideas of the Psychoanalytic Approach) -What is the point of psychoanalysis -What is libido |
-The mind has a finite amount of psychic energy available to use.
-The point of psychoanalysis is to free up more psychic energy for the challenges of daily living, by removing the neurotic energy drains one by one. |
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Psychic Conflict and Compromise
(• Four Key Ideas of the Psychoanalytic Approach) |
Id vs. Ego vs. Superego
-Your Id is constantly seeking expression since it runs of the pleasure principle, your ego attempts to satisfy your Ids needs but by staying in the moral boundaries set in place by your supergo |
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Internal Structure, levels of consciousness
(4 Levels of Psychoanalytical Approach) |
Your Id is completely unconscious
-Your ego is mostly unconscious, but operates at a conscious level as well -Your superego is mostly unconscious, but operates at a conscious level as well. |
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Ego
(Internal Structure) |
-the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
-operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
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Superego
(Internal Structure) |
-provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
-moral code developed in phallic stage |
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Id
(Internal Structure) |
-contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy
-strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives -operates on pleasure principle which states these behaviors be satasfied immediatly. |
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Psychosexual Development
-What is psycho sexual development -What are the stages |
-the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Genital Stage |
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Oral Stage
(Psychosexual Development) -What is the physical focus -What is the psychological theme? -What are the outcomes of extreme parenting styles |
Physical focus – mouth, lips, and tongue
Psychological theme – dependency Extremes -those who refuse to accept help as a result of neglect -those who are extremely passive who do nothing for themselves as result of responsiveness |
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Anal Stage
(Psychosexual Stages) -What is the physical focus -What is the psychological theme? -What are the outcomes of extreme parenting styles and what do they produce |
-Physical focus – anus and eliminative organs
-Psychological theme – self-control – over-organized “anal-retentive” type who is obsessive, orderly, and controlling as a result of persistant parenting -someone with no self-control who is chaotic and disorganized as a result of neglect |
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Psychosexual Development
Phallic Stage -What is the physical focus -What is the theme? -What are the extreme parenting styles and their outcomes. -What is identification? -What are the adult types |
Physical focus – penis
Psychological theme – what it means to be a boy or a girl Identification -The process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing super egos -Extreme types include a very promiscuous person completely asexual |
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Pyschosexual Development
-What is the physical focus -What is the theme -What are the adult types |
Physical focus – the genitals
-Psychological theme – creation and enhancement of life -Adult type – No fixations on previous stages and balance in love and work. |
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Oedipus Complex
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a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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Defense Mechanisms
-What are their purpose? |
-the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Repression
(Defense Mechanism) |
-the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Regression
(Defense Mechanism) |
defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
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Reaction Formation
(Defense Mechanisms) |
defense mechanism by which -the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
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Projection
(Defense Mechanisms) |
-Projection
defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
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Rationilization
(Defense Mechanisms) |
defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
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Sublimation
(Defense Mechanism) |
a form of Displacement in which sexual urges are re-channeled into productive, non-sexual activities.
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Denial
(Defense Mechanism) |
the failure to recognize or acknowledge the existence of anxiety-provoking information
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Intellectualization
(Defense Mechanism) |
Ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas
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Free Association
(Assessing the Unconscious) |
-A talk therapy technique allowing the patient to talk about whatever comes to mind. The psychoanalyst then analyzes the transitions.
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Projective Test
(Assessing the Unconscious) |
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
(Assessing the Unconscious) -What is it the widely used what? -How many sets of tests? -Attempts to? |
-the most widely used projective test
-a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach -seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
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Neofreudians
-What did Karen Horney do? -What did Alfred Adler do? -What did Jung do? |
- Karen sought to balance
Freud’s masculine biases -Alfred adler stressed importance of childhood social tension -Carl Jung emphasized the collective unconscious, concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history |
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Neurons and The Nervous system
-what is the PNS -what is the CNS -what is a neuron -what ar glial cells |
-Central Nervous System (CNS) means the brain and spinal chord.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) means the nerves connecting the brain and spinal chord to other parts of the body. -A neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system: they receive information from the environment, communicate with each other, reach decisions, and move the muscles. The nervous system also contains supportive cells, called glial cells, which take care of neurons by holding them in place, insulating them, providing nutrients and cleaning up neurons killed by injury or old age. |
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What are Sensory/Afferent
What are Motor/Efferent What are Interneurons (Nervous System) |
- Sensory or afferent neurons carry information from the senses towards the CNS.
Motor or efferent neurons send information from the CNS away to the muscles and glands. |
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Soma
(Anatomy of a Neuron) |
The Soma is the cell body, containing the nucleus and much of the machinery that provides for the life processes of the cell.
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Dendrites
(Anatomy of a Neuron) |
-Antenna like tree branches that receive messages from adjacent neurons
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Axon
(Anatomy of a Neuron) |
The axon carries information from the cell body to the terminal button
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Myelin Sheath
(Anatomy of a Neuron) |
(4) Many neurons are covered in a myelin sheath, a protein/lipid insulation that protects nerve cells and helps them send neural messages faster.
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Nodes of Ranvier
Salatory Conduction (Anatomy of a Neuron) |
(5) The bare portions in between the myelination are called Nodes of Ranvier. These allow the nerve impulse to jump from one node to another in Saltatory conduction, which speed up the transmission process.
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-What is the purpose of the terminal buttons
-Where does it transmit information to -Where does the information come from |
(6) The terminal buttons transmit information to the dendrites of the next neuron across the synapse, the gap between neurons. They do this by releasing neurotransmitters, chemicals responsible for crossing the synapse and activating the next neuron.
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Action potentional / threshold of excitation
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1 The neuron is resting at –70 mV.
2 The neuron is stimulated by excitatory input. 3 Ion channels open, letting in ions that cause the inside of the neuron to depolarize (become more positive). 4 When the membrane potential reaches the threshold of excitation, the charge in the neuron suddenly reverses itself and the action potential occurs. 5 The action potential is transmitted down the axon, jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next (saltatory conduction), until it reaches the terminal buttons. 6 The message is transmitted across the synapse chemically to the next neuron. 7 The neuron is hyperpolarized, and undergoes a refractory period – a short waiting period before the neuron can depolarize again. |
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Synaptic Transmission
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When the action potential gets to the axon terminal, the neuron converts the electrical information into chemical information.
• Chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the axon terminals. • The action potential causes the vesicles to empty their neurotransmitters into the synapse. • The neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and cause the receptors, which are chemical gated channels, to open on the next neuron. The neurotransmitter and the receptor have to match in order to effect the receiving cell and cause it to fire. |
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Lock and Key
Synaptic Tranmission -Why have different receptors for the same neurotransmitter? |
Neurotransmitters exert their effects on cells by attaching to a binding site – a particular location on a receptor molecule in which the right transmitter fits like a “key”.
-Allows an impulse to have different effects in different regions of the nervous system. |
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Acetylcholine (Ach):
(Neurotransmitter) |
Acetylcholine (Ach): Plays a role in learning and memory formation (too little associated with Alzheimer’s disease) Is vital in muscle contraction (skeletal vs. cardiac)
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Serotonin
(Neurotransmitter) |
Plays an important role in mood, attention, learning, sleep and appetite (the “happy” chemical)
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Dopamine
(Neurotransmitter) |
Plays roles in attention, learning, and addiction
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Norepinephrine
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nhibits firing of neurons in CNS but excites heart and intestines. Important in alertness and wakefulness. Too little associated with depression. Too much, mania.
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GABA
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Keeps many neurons from firing. Too little associated with anxiety. Is thought to be in as many as 1/3rd of the brain’s synapses.
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Endorphins
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Regulate pain receptors and positive emotions
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What happens to the neurotransmitters?
-What is diffusion -What is Degredation What is reuptake |
Diffusion— movement away from the synapse
2. Degradation— being broken down by enzymes in the synaptic gap 3. Reuptake— being absorbed back into the sending neuron |
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Central Nervous System
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Brain
-a mass of neurons, glial cells, and other supporting cells -encased in bone and fluid |
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Somatic system
(PNS) |
receives sensory information and controls movements of skeletal muscles
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Autonomic system
(PNS) |
regulates smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
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Sympathetic System apart of PNS
(Autonomic System) -What systems is this apart of |
“fight or flight” activities (e.g. increased blood flow, release of adrenalin)
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Parasympathetic Nervous System apart of PNS
(Autonomic System) |
relaxation and digestion
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Central Core
(Brain Structure) |
The central core controls
Involuntary behaviors like coughing, sneezing, and gagging -Primitive” behaviors like breathing, sleeping, eating and sexual behavior. |
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Medulla = Central Core
(Brain Structure) |
The medulla regulates the cardiovascular system and respiration (pulse and breathing) and skeletal muscle tonus (upright posture).
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Cerebullum = Central Core
(Brain Structure) |
Controls coordination, planning and reasoning
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Thalamus = Central Core
(Brain Structure |
Sensory relay system, aids in wakefulness and sleep.
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Hypothalamus = Central Core
(Brain Structure) |
eating, drinking, and sexual behavior and maintains homeostasis. Also plays a role in emotions and stres response
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Reticular Formation = Central Core
(Brain Structure) |
A network of neurons that controls arousal and attention.
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Limbic System
(Brain Structure) |
imposes additional controls over instinctive behaviors that are regulated by the hypothalamus and brain stem.
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Hippocampus = Limbic System
(Brain Structure) |
plays a special role in memory especially the storage of new information.
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Amygdala = LImbic System
(Brain Structure) |
Regulates emotions such as fear.
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Brain Hemispheres
(Right) |
Mainly receives sensory information from left side/controls left motor function
comprehends simple language perceives humor and analogies spacial/geometrical pattern sense visual perception of overall shape (face recognition |
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Brain Hemispheres
(Left) |
Left hemisphere
Mainly receives sensory information from right side/controls right motor function word recognition speech sounding out words (e.g. nonsense words such as “girk” or “pibble”) mathematical computation visual perception of details |
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Cerebrum
(Brain Structure) |
occupies most of the cranial cavity, and is divided into two hemispheres that are joined at the bottom by the corpus callosum.
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Cerebral Cortex = Cerebrum
(Brain Structure) -What is grey matter -What is white matter |
Outer layer of cerebrum, protective
- consists mostly of glial cells cell bodies and dendrites, which give it a greyish appearence, this is the grey matter -beneath the cortex are myelinated axons, which gives the white appearence |
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Sulci = Cerebrum (Convolutions)
(Brain Structure) |
Small grooves in the brain
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Gyrus = Cerebrum (Convolutions)
(Brain Structure) |
Bulge in between sulcus
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Fissues = Cerebrum (Convolutions)
(Brain Structure) |
large grooves in the brain, these convolutions greatly enlarge the surface area of the cortex
2/3 of the cortex is hidden in the grooves |
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Lobes = Cerebrum
(Brain Structure) |
The surface of the cerebral hemispheres is divided into four lobes, named after the bones of the skull that overlie them.
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Frontal Lobe = Cerebrum
(Brain Structure) |
The frontal lobes are considered our emotional control centers and the home to our personality
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Parietal Lobe = Cerebrum
(Brain Structure) |
The parietal lobes contain locations responsible for the perception of stimuli related
to touch, pressure, temperature and pain. |
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Occiptal Lobes = Cerebrum
(Brain Structure) |
The occipital lobes are the center of our visual perception system
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Temporal Lobe = Cerebrum
(Brain Structure) |
The temporal lobes are concerned with the perception and recognition of auditory stimuli. Also, since they contain the hippocampi, they are associated with memory
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Motor System = Cerebrum
(Brain Structure) |
The primary motor area controls voluntary movement of the body.
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Sensory Area = Cerebrum
(Brain Structure) |
The primary sensory area controls the sensations of heat, cold, touch, pain, and movement.
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Absolute thresholds
-What is absolute threshold |
The minimum amount of stimulation a person can detect 50% of the time through given senses.
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Subliminal stimulation
-What is subliminal stimulation |
When stimulation is under 50%, the minimum amount.
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Weber Law
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The intensity by which the standard must be increased in directly proportional to the intensity of the standard.
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Difference threshold or Just Noticeable Differences (JND)
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the minimum amount of change in a stimulation that an individual can detect through a given sense.
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Sensory adaptation
-What is sensory adaption |
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
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The Eye
-What do we see and how do we see it -What does wavelength do -What is amplitude |
-We see light, and wavelength causes us to see certain colors, and amplitude causes us to see certain levels of brightness.
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Eye Structure
-What is the Cornea -What is the Lens -What is the Iris -What is the Pupil -What is the Retina |
-The cornea is the outer protective layer
-The lens allows for accommodation -The iris regulates light into the eye by controlling pupil -The retina transduces electromagnetic radiation into neural impulses. |
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Retina (Eye Structure)
-What is the Fovea, -What are typer of receptors are there, where is the most dense area they are located -What are rods -What are cones |
-At the center of the retina lies the fovea, when you focus directly on something you used the fovea.
-Receptors are light or color receivers. -There are cones, which absorb color and they are located within the fovea -Rods are light absorbing, they are located heavily in the peripheral. |
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The Blind Spot
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-Where the optic nerve leaves our eye and there are no receptors.
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Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
-How many receptors do we have |
-Three : Red, Green, Blue.
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Color blindness
-What are monochromats -What are dichromats |
-You are a dichromat if two receptors work, if you are red or green blind then you are red-green color blind.
-Monochromats have one working receptor, this entails black/white colorblind |
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Hering Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision Problem:
-What are the opponent colors -What are afterimages. |
Opponent pairs such as Red/Green Blue/Yellow and Black/White cause fatigue because you fire one half of of the pair. This explains the existance of afterimages
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Gestalt Psychology (Seperation of Figure and Ground)
-Where do we see the figure -Where do we see the ground -Can we see them at the same time? |
-You see the figure in the foreground
-You see the ground in the background -No you cannot see both simultaneously |
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Gestalt grouping principles
-What is proximity -What is similarity -What is continuity -What is connectedness -What is close |
-Proximity :We group objects that are in close proximity to eachother
-Similarity : We group objects by similarity Continuity : We group objects that display continuous patterns Connectedness : spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected -What is closure : we fill in gaps |
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Binocular Depth Cues
-What is Binocular convergence -What is Retinal Disparity |
-Binocular convergence When your eyes turn inward as an object approaches you.
-Cued by differing images each eye sends to the brain. |
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Monocular Depth Cues
-What is relative size -What is interposition -What is relative height? -What is aeriel perspective -What is Motion parallax -What is light and shadow |
-Relative size : Smaller objects must be further away
-Interposition : The first overlapping object must be color Relative Height : Objects closer to the horizon must be further away Linear Perspective : apparently parallel lines seem to converge in the distance. Aeriel Perspective : Clear images are closer, fuzzy images are further away Motion Parallax : big and moving quickly = closer; closer; small and moving slowly = further away. Light and shadow : dimmer objects seem further away, we assume that light comes from above. |
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Perceptual constancy
-Is the ability to maintain______? |
The ability to maintain a perception of the underlying physical characteristics of an object despite drastic changes in the sensory manifest-ions of the object
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Size and Shape constancy
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Refers to our perception of unchanging size with distance
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Scientific Methiod
-What is observation -What is hypothesis -What is prediction -What is experiment -What is analysis -What is repeat/replicate |
Observation : An interpretation of some sort, making a thought of something.
Hypothesis : An educated guess that derives logically from a theory What is a prediction : A hypothesis that can be tested Experiment : Testing your hypothesis Analysis : Reviewing the data Repeat/Replicate : Using other methods to see if it holds true. |
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Testing Hypotheses
-What is bias -What is Random Sampling -What is random assignment -What are Independent Variables -What are dependent variables -What are operational definitions |
Bias : The researchers expectations might influence results
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