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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychosocial Crisis : Individual Identity vs Identity Confusion
What life stage |
Late Adolescent
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Peer pressure-(demand for conformity)
what is it ? What life stage? |
Early Adolescents
Central process |
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What is the central process for
Early adolescent Late Adolescent early adult |
EA= PEER PRESSURE
Psychosocial Moratorium Mutuality Among Peers |
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What stage?
Psychosocial crisis = group identity (membership) verses alienation ( common bond issues -believe that their beliefs are different than other) Central Process = Peer pressure-(demand for conformity) Prime Adaptive Ego = Fidelity to other-(capacity to freely pledge loyalty to group- feeling that we matter in group setting) Core Pathology = Dissociation (sense of separateness, withdrawal , inability to bond |
Early Adolescent
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capacity to freely pledge loyalty to group- feeling that we matter in group setting
what stage? |
Fidelity to other-(capacity to freely pledge loyalty to group- feeling that we matter in group setting)
Prime adaptive ego of early adole. |
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What is the core pathology of early adolescent
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Dissociation (sense of separateness, withdrawal , inability to bond
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What factors involved with Puberty ?
Changes in N and E Influence in BD, HP, SM, PG AGE for girl and Boy starting |
Define Puberty = neurological and endocrinological changes - influence brain development , hormone production, sexual maturation , physical growth
Girls - 12.5 (8-17 years old) Boys 14.5 (11-18) sperm production SE poor countries reach puberty later than richer countries - nutrition blamed Stress can effect puberty - low and high levels delay |
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What is this called
BRAIN> ENDOCRINE SYSTEM> SEX AND GROWTH HORMONES > SEX ORGANS > BACK TO BRAIN |
Puberty can be considered a process = FEEDBACK LOOP
BRAIN> ENDOCRINE SYSTEM> SEX AND GROWTH HORMONES > SEX ORGANS > BACK TO BRAIN |
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when girls reach 90 pounds
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Puberty theory #2
Body mass theory = when girls reach 90 pounds , However, does not determine boys puberty |
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Hormones - both girls and boys have testosterone and estrogen - low levels during childhood
Boys - testosterone level increases ? times in a steady increase Related to ? Girls- testosterone ? times increase, estrogen ? X , lots of fluctuation causes effect on ? |
Hormones
Boys - testosterone level increases 20 times in a steady increase -Related to sex drive , aggression Girls- testosterone two times increase, estrogen 8X , lots of fluctuation causes effect on emotions - |
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Physical changes in boys-
increase growth rate starts at ? . Muscle growth not till ? after growth spurt = ugly ducking syndrome- can cause ? . Growth of testes and penis age ? , secondary sex characteristics (facial hair). |
Physical changes in boys- increase growth rate starts at 12.5-14. Muscle growth not till year after growth = ugly ducking syndrome- self esteem issues- . Growth of testes and penis age 9-10, secondary sex characteristics (facial hair).
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Physical changes in girls.
secondary sex characteristic =name 2 normal develop= breast buds, height spurt (age ?) , menarche (menstrual cycle) Dissatisfaction with body highest between ?. obesity , social pressure to be thing can cause depression, dieting |
Physical changes in girls. secondary sex characteristic =breast buds, pubic hair, (early onset of these are 15% white and 50% black in 3-8 year olds.
normal develop= breast buds, height spurt (age 10-11) 2 years sooner than boys, menarche (menstrual cycle) Dissatisfaction with body highest between 13-15. obesity , social pressure to be thing can cause depression, dieting |
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physical growth - Moodiness , neurological and endocrinological changes - influence brain development , hormone production, sexual maturation
what are these called |
Pubertal changes
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The decrease in age of puberty
is called what? |
SECULAR GROWTH TREND =The decrease in age of puberty
As evidence by decrease in age of menarche , increase in height . In US 1850 female puberty at age 18 1900= 15 1950 =13 now 12 |
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? can effect puberty - low and high levels delay
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Stress can effect puberty - low and high levels delay
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Formal operational thought - cognitive advances of adolescents -thinking based on ?
Characteristics Can mentally manipulate more than ? categories of variables simultaneously Ability to think about changes that come with ? Ability to ? logical sequences of event Ability to foresee ? of actions Ability to detect logical ? or ? in statements Ability to to think in ? ways about self , others and world adolescence are focused on relative value |
Formal operational thought - cognitive advances of adolescents -thinking based on logic
Characteristics Can mentally manipulate more than 2 categories of variables simultaneously Ability to think about changes that come with time Ability to hypothesize logical sequences of event Ability to foresee consequences of actions Ability to detect logical consistency or inconsistency in statements Ability to to think in relativistic ways about self , others and world adolescence are focused on relative value |
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adolescents think they are the exception to the rule
example - think they are better driver and should drive faster than others they are focused on what others are thinking |
egocentrism
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- a kind of egocentrism - preoccupation with idea that others are watching you, you are center of interest of others thoughts and attentions
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Imaginary Audience - a kind of egocentrism - preoccupation with idea that others are watching you, you are center of interest of others thoughts and attentions
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-Belief that thoughts are unique and intense investment in thoughts and feelings
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Personal Fable -Belief that thoughts are unique and intense investment in thoughts and feelings
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Risk taking -
Factors - |
Risk taking -
higher than in adults Factors - brain not developed yet, thinking, peer pressure Have high level of rationalization - adults have control centers to control behavior |
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feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness , conflicts are directed inward on self
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Internalizing= feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness , conflicts are directed inward on self
-girls more likely to internalize problems - more psychologically self destructive |
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Examples of internalizing -
ED D D |
eating disorders
depression drug use |
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- emotional disorder - lose ability to regulate eating behavior -
fear of being fate - becomes nauseated after eating -classically cond. 5% die from disorder that have it |
Anorexia
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binge eating and vomiting to prevent weight gain
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Bulimia - binge eating and vomiting to prevent weight gain
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Depression = children do not have , ? percent adults (?million in US- most
common ) ? % of adolescents have depressed mood - peak age 17-18 |
Depression = children do not have , 8 percent adults (25 million in US- most
common ) 35% of adolescents have depressed mood - peak age 17-18 |
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Causes of depression in early adolescents
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Causes -Reduced size of frontal lobe -Parental loss , social alienation , excessive demands, lack of sleep, social, mistreatment, negative peer comparisons, need peers that are not depressed
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-Most common reason that adolescents become depressed is
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-Most common reason that adolescents become depressed is that they don’t have a clear time perspective ( they believe that what ever is happening will never end) I will never have a friend..
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Suicide
? is Most common reason to kill self - suicide (one out of 10,000) Girls attempt ? X more than boys- use ? 1/3 of all think about it 2 percent try ? % of all suicides are men- use guns .5 percent of adolescents |
Suicide
Depression is Most common reason to kill self - suicide (one out of 10,000) Girls attempt 4 X more than boys- use pills 1/3 of all think about it 2 percent try 75% of all suicide are men- use guns .5 percent of adolescents |
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? conduct problems- aggression , delinquency towards property or people
Boys ? problems = oppositional - defiant behavior delinquency , crime, |
Externalizing = AKA conduct problems- aggression , delinquency towards property or people
Boys externalize problems = oppositional - defiant behavior delinquency , crime, |
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common Emotional disturbances adolescence
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Emotional disturbances are typical of adolescence (depression , suicide, eating disorders)
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(driving , run away, drink) only wrong because of age -
Boys and some girls |
Status offense - (driving , run away, drink) only wrong because of age -
Boys and some girls |
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? - externalizing problem, actions that break the law -
If develops in Late adolescent most will ? If develop in childhood - don't grow out ? |
Delinquency - externalizing problem, actions that break the law -
If develops in Late adolescent most delinquent will grow out of it If develop in childhood - don't grow out and 85% will perform large crime |
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Oppositional behavior = ?
High school drop out = ? % in us ? % of adolescent commit one crime = vandalism most common Violence - not that common Homeless = ?% have psychiatric disorder |
Oppositional behavior = externalizing
High school drop out = 30% in us 95% of adolescent commit one crime = vandalism most common Violence - not that common - serious - can be due to internalizing Homeless = 80% have psychiatric disorder |
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Drug use in early adolescent
= both internalizing and externalizing problem ?% use pot % use hard drug ?% smoking - lower due to cost ?% drink alcohol |
Drug use = both internalizing and externalizing problem
30% use pot 5% use hard drug 15% smoking - lower due to cost 50% drink alcohol |
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Peer group chosen - by people that are ?
Cliques- ? friendship groups crowds - ? groups recognized by characterizations (academics, drug use, sports, deviant behavior - floaters, jocks, nerds, preps, skateboarders , misfits |
Peer group chosen - by people that are like themselves
Cliques- 5-10 friendship groups crowds - large groups recognized by characterizations (academics, drug use, sports, deviant behavior - floaters, jocks, nerds, preps, skateboarders , misfits |
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How peer pressure works (pros and cons)
Pros E , b, e with adult roles, pick friends based on who is like them Cons- Risky behavior - there are benefits to inoculation drinking if seriously delinquent peers are not cause |
How peer pressure works (pros and cons)
Pros Exploration , belonging , experimenting with adult roles, pick friends based on who is like them Cons- Risky behavior - there are benefits to inoculation drinking if seriously delinquent peers are not cause |
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Clicks are unisex groups that lead to friends and unisex groups= romantic relationships
Unisex groups lead to ? groups, lead to ? lead to ? relationships |
Clicks are unisex groups that lead to friends and unisex groups= romantic relationships
Unisex groups lead to heterosexual groups lead to dating lead to romantic relationships |
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Describes what ?
The positive pole of the psychosocial crisis of early adolescence, in which the person finds membership in and value convergence with a peer group. An integrated set of ideas about the norms, expectation and status hierarchy of the groups in their social world , building representation from groups of which they are members |
Group identity -
The positive pole of the psychosocial crisis of early adolescence, in which the person finds membership in and value convergence with a peer group. An integrated set of ideas about the norms, expectation and status hierarchy of the groups in their social world , building representation from groups of which they are members |
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Why is group identity important in early adolescents
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Important during adolescents because - provides confidence that she is meaningfully connected to society has a cognitive map of the characteristics of the social landscape and tools to navigate. can learn who they are, where belong , does not replace attachment to parents, Provides individual need for social approval , affiliation, leadership, power and status , learn positive resolution of conflict of group identity verses alienation, sense of belonging, learn to express social self
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Patterns of sexual behavior in early adolescence
Transition to sexual relationship motivation = b , s, p ? have had sex by age 18 The biological factor of sexuality in adolescents boys- ? in boys due to hormones Girls -drive to pursue sex for ? higher in girls |
Patterns of sexual behavior in early adolescence
motivation = biological , social , psychological 2/3 have had sex by age 18 The biological factor of sexuality boys-boys over report and girls under report sex stronger in boys due to hormones Girls -drive to pursue sex for intimacy (psychological reasons) higher in girls |
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Effects of sex in early adolescent =
positive Negative effects |
Effects of sex = positive , more happy - public does not want to report this
Negative effects - STD , pregnancy , |
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Sexual motivation of early adolescents = factors biological factors
Social factors of sex= Attractiveness= |
Sexual motivation = biological factors, strain to mature, internalized norms and attitudes
Social factors of sex= parents, religion, school, friends Attractiveness= physical and social attractiveness (popularity) |
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Outcomes of teen parenting
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Outcomes of teen parentings
Problems of teenage pregnancy include - lack of prenatal care, increased birth risk, poverty, not able to continue school or higher education, higher risk of dying in the first year of life, More likely to use drugs, smoke, alcohol, lower birth weight , socially isolated , disengaged from infant , fathers involved only 25% of time, |
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Late Adolescents Psychosocial Crisis
Central process: Prime Adaptive Ego : Core Pathology : |
Psychosocial Crisis : Individual Identity vs Identity Confusion
Central process: Psychosocial Moratorium - A period of free experimentation before identity is achieved Prime Adaptive Ego : Fidelity to Values and Ideologies ( Freely pledge loyalties to other , sustain loyalties to values and ideologies) Core Pathology : Repudiation (Rejection of roles and values that are viewed as alien to oneself) |
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Developmental tasks late adolescent
Autonomy from ? Gender ? M ? CC |
Developmental tasks
Autonomy from parents Gender Identity Morality Career Choice |
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What is unique about Late adolescent as a stage development
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What is unique about Late adolescence as a stage development
It can be skipped or extended If go to college can extend late adolescent period 20-30 |
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Define Autonomy for late adolescent
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-ability to regulate ones behavior and to select and guide ones decisions and actions to achieve meaningful goals without dependence of parents
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How do adolescent become autonomous-
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Leaving home- parents expect children to leave home at an oldr age (tied with marriage)
College - 80% attend college in home state Self sufficiency - making important decisions, taking responsibility, financial independence |
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Why do late adolescents attend college
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Why do adole attend college
their parents wanted them to go , to move away from home |
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What happens with those that do not go to college
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What happens with those that do not go to college
Lower SES in the long run, have children 10 years earlier |
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Identity Development -
what stage ? |
late adolescent
Identity Development - Integration of ones core elements of self concept ( goals, values, interest, ability) |
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Why did Erikson describe late adolescence as a period of psychosocial moratorium
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There are countless opportunities and alternatives
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How does exploration, crisis and commitment relate to identity development
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Our previous ideas are being challenged by new information
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Identity Status- Marcia - (using erik E concepts)
2 criteria ? ? |
Identity Status- Marcia - (using erik E concepts)
2 criteria (crisis and commitment) |
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Identity status
Commitment = Crisis-= The status of a persons identity development is labeled as (identity achievement, foreclosure, moratorium or confusion) |
2 criteria (crisis and commitment)
Commitment = demonstration of personal involvement in the areas of occupational choice, religion, political, interpersonal relationships Crisis-=explore/refers to a period of role experimentation , exploration, active decision making among alternative choices The status of a persons identity development is labeled as (identity achievement, foreclosure, moratorium or confusion) |
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Identity status
-no commitment to goal , no crisis = flounder (this is where all adolescents start) What is this |
Diffusion
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Ticking time clock can effect what identity status
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Psychosocial Moratorium-
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crisis /explore , no commitment
involved in ongoing exploration and experimentation - commitments are diffused - open for gathering information , run risk of best choices being gone. Ticking social clock... |
Psychosocial Moratorium- ( Yes explore/crisis , no commitment )
involved in ongoing exploration and experimentation - commitments are diffused - open for gathering information , run risk of best choices being gone. Ticking social clock... |
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Identity status - what component
No explore,/crisis but has commitment have NOT experienced crisis but have made commitments |
Foreclosure- No explore, yes commitment
have NOT experienced crisis but have made commitments Premature comentment of identity in area of family, work, politics, religion, |
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Identity Status-
- Yes explore (crisis) and yes commitment =best outcome - have experienced a crisis time and have made occupational and ideological |
Identity Status-
Identity Achievement- |
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How does ones identity status change in the course of identity development
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Starts out as diffusion, move to moratorium , and then Identity achievement
or start with diffusion and move to foreclosure , not good outcomes |
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What happens if someone fails to establish a sense of identity or loses previously established identity
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What happens if someone fails to establish a sense of identity or loses previously established identity
They will not be productive, can not achieve goals, people will not want to be around them, they may become depressed. |
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What is the difference between identity diffusion and identity diffusion and identity confusion
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Identity confusion - Your idea of yourself is being a happy mother of 2 kids and your husband just cheated on you, your identity is blown away.
Diffusion - not that attached to outcome even if you are looking for something and did not get it |
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how does late adolescence affect development and lifestyles
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We make decisions about education, occupation, politics, religion and lifestyle (rich or poor )
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what are the criteria of becoming an adult
- need 3 out of 5 to be considered an Adult |
what are the criteria of becoming an adult
Social norms - need 3 out of 5 to be considered an Adult Leaving home Completing formal education Becoming financially independent Getting married Having children |
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EARLY -Young ADULTHOOD AGE ?
The Psychosocial Crisis = I Vs I Central Process = M Among P Prime adaptive Ego = L Core Pathology = E |
EARLY -Young ADULTHOOD 24-34 (more what we do vs ag
The Psychosocial Crisis = Intimacy Vs Isolation Central Process = Mutuality Among Peers Prime adaptive Ego = Love Core Pathology = Exclusivity |
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Developmental Tasks of early Adult
Exploring I R C W L-s |
Developmental Tasks
Exploring Intimate Relationships Childbearing Work Life-style |
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The major Adult Roles (social roles- normative behaviors characterized by commitment and time spent on those roles)
W- S -F- P -St- C |
The major Adult Roles (social roles- normative behaviors charictorized by commitment and time spent on those roles)
*Worker- (95% need to work, depend on income from work) way of socializing, social status, self worth, *Spouse - *Parent - subjective opinion of most= role as parent is more important Child - regardless of age- take care of parent as they get older Student - Friend - require time, commitment and sacrifice |
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Leisurite -
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Leisurite - leisure is a role, commitment to do what you like doing
it take time, used to maintain psychological and physical health |
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how important a role is to us - prioritize
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Role importance
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the actual demand in terms of time and commitment of a role
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Role demands = the actual demand in terms of time and commitment
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sense of failure despite trying very hard in one area
example is consulting psychology - demanding travel - 2 jobs - how difficult it is for you |
Role strain- (single role strain) sense of failure despite trying very hard,
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getting married, graduating from college, get a new job
dont do more than one at the same time , or more stress |
Role Transitions - getting married, graduating from college, get a new job
dont do more than one at the same time , or more stress |
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Fulfillment theories explain
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Fulfillment theories explain
-purpose,goal orientation of adult life , define goals and strive to achieve them. |
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Hierarchy of Needs - Maslow - NEEDS FULFILLMENT
(bottom to top) ? (food, water , sex, sleep, elimination, temp regulation) ? (securtity of body, employment , health resources, sec. of family and property) ? (friendship, family , intimacy) affiliation ? (Self esteem , confidence, achievement , respect) ? Morality, creativity , problem solving, lack of prejudice acceptance of the facts |
Hierarchy of Needs - Maslow -
Psyilological Safety Love and Belonging Esteem Self- Actualization |
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When needs are satisfied according to Maslow we
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we move up the pyramid -
always want more |
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When people are not safe -
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When people are not safe - regress to biological needs , drugs, sex , food addict
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Intimacy defined
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Intimacy defined - not just sex , needs to be mutual relationship, based on trust , self disclosure , mutual appretiaton , support and mutual enjoyment
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effects of intimate relationship -
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effects of intimate relationship - makes you a happier person
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Define love-
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Define love- a profoundly tender , passionate affection for another person
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Components of love- 3
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Components of love- intimacy , consummate , commitment
need to have at least 2 (intimacy and commitment = friendship) only intimacy - crush - commitment only - empty marriage |
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How young adults choose spouses -
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How young adults choose spouses -choice based on being similar to them
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Marital satisfaction based on
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Marital satisfaction - intimacy major factor
decline with a child because of time, marriage and conflict resolution - better outcomes |
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SERIAL
D, C, M |
SERIAL
Dating cohabitation marriage - based on feeling of love not always intimacy , can come and go parenting |
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Divorce
Why- How often - Length of marriage |
Divorce
Why- do not know how to resolve problems How often - 50% end in divorce Length of marriage 7 years and then 20 years Marriage - 80% get married |
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How does children affect marriage -
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- time and attention is drawn away from marriage, priorities change,
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Clayton Alderter - believed that if our needs at a certain level are not being met,
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Clayton Alderter - believed that if our needs at a certain level are not being met, we go back to the lower level, and overcompensate
hoarders - move from love to security |