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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of psychology?
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The science of behavior and mental processes.
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What is intelligence?
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The mental capcity to acquire knowledge, reason, and solve problems effectively.
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What is the normal function of Dopamine?
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A transmitter used in brain circuits that produce sensations of pleasure and reward
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What is Dopamine used by?
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Used by CNS neurons involved in volunatary movement
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What problems are associated with imbalance of Dopamine?
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Schizophrenia
Parkinson's Diease |
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What substances that affect the action of this neurotransmitter for Dopamine?
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Cocaine
Amphetamine Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Alcohol |
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What is the normal function of Serotonin?
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Regulates sleep and dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite, and sexual behavior
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What problems associated with imbalance of Serotonin?
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Depression
Certain anxiety disorders Obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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What substances that affect the action of this neurotransmitter for serotonin?
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Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Hallucinogenics (LSD) |
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What is the normal function of Norepinephrine?
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Used by neurons in autonomic nervous system and by neurons in almost every region of the brain.
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What does Norepinephrine controls?
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Heart rate, sleep, stress, sexual responsiveness, vigilance, and appetite.
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What problems associated with imbalance of Norepinephrine?
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High blood pressure
depression |
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What substances that affect the action of this neurotransmitter- Norepinephrine?
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Tricyclic antidepressants
beta-blockers |
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What is the normal function of Acetylcholine?
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the primary neurotransmitter used by efferent neurons carrying messages from the CNS also involved in some kinds of learning and memory.
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What problems associated with imbalance of Acetylcholine?
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certain muscular disorders
alzheimer's disease |
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What substances that affect the action of this neurotransmitter- acetylcholine?
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nicotine
black widow spider venom botulism toxin curare atropine |
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What is the normal function of GABA?
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the most precalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of the CNS
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What problems associated with imbalance of GABA?
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Anxiety
Epilepsy |
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What substances that affect the action of this neurotransmitter- GABA?
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Barbiturates
"Minor" tranquilizers (valium/librium) Alcohol |
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What is the normal function of Glutamate?
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The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS involved in learning and memory.
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What problems associated with imbalance of Glutamate?
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Release of excessive glutamate apparently causes brain damage after stroke.
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What substances that affect the action of this neurotransmitter- Glutamate?
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PCP ('angel dust")
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What is the normal function of Endorphins?
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Pleasurable sensations and control of pain
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What problems associated with imbalance of endorphins?
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lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction
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What substances that affect the action of this neurotransmitter- endorphins?
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opiates: opium, heroin, morphine, methadone
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In a Neuron, what is the sensory?
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Afferant- it sends information to the brain
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In a Neuron, what is the motor?
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Efferent- it processes information from the brain
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What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
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The brain and the spinal cord
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What is a Neurotransmitter?
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Chemical messenger that relays nural messages across the synapse. Many neurotransmitters are also hormones.
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What is synapse?
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The microscopic gap that serves as a communications link between neurons.
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What is a soma?
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Cell body
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What is the function of a neuron?
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receives thousands of messages at a time through it dendrites and soma.
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What is dendrites?
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Branched fiber that extends outward from the cell body and carries information into the neuron.
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What is plasticity?
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an important property of neurons that can make new connections or strengthen old ones.
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what does he parietal lobe do?
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understands touch, body position, and speech.
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what is the occipital lobe?
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understands vision
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What is a neuron?
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Cell specialized to receive and transmit information to other cells in the body.
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What does a neuron do?
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Receives thousands of msg(s) through the dendrites and soma (cell body). When aroused, its own msg is passed to the axon.
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What is hypothalamus?
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A limbic structure that serves as the brain's blood-testing laboratory, constantly monitoring the blood to determine the condition of the body.
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What is Amygdala?
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A limbic structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
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What is a dendrite?
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branched fiber that carries information into the neuron.
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What is a soma?
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the cell body
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What is a axon?
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in a nerve cell, an extended fiber that conducts information from the soma to the terminal buttons.
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What is action potential?
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Information that travels along the axon in a form of an electrical charge.
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What is Hippocampus?
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a component of the limbic system, involved in establishing long-term memories.
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What is the major function of the frontal lobe?
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movement, producing speech, abstract thought
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What is the major function of the parietal lobe?
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sensations of touch, body position, understanding speech
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What is the major function of the temporal lobe?
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hearing, smelling, recognizing faces
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What is the major function of the occipital lobe?
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Vision
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What is mood-congruent memory?
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a memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood.
(mood can trigger one thought from another) |
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What is prospective memory?
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memory that enables one to remember to take some action in the future- as remembering a doctor's appt.
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What is classical conditioning?
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a basic form of learning in which a stimulus that produces an innate reflex becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus, which then acquires the power to elicit essentially the same response. (manipulating reflexes)
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What is unconditioned stimulus?
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a stimulus that automatically-that is, without conditioning, provokes a reflexive response. (just as you don't have to learn to cry when you feel pain)
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What is aphasia?
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The loss of speech due to brain injury.
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What is Broca's area?
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damage to the frontal lobe speech area.
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What is correlation/relationship?
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a form of research in which the relationship between variables is studied, but without experimental maipulation of an independent variable. Correlational studies can not determine cause-and-effect relationships.
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What is positive correlation?
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as one grows larger or smaller, the other grows or shrinks in a parallel way.
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What is negative correlation?
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as one becomes larger, the other gets smaller.
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What is sensory memory?
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The first of three memory stages, preserving brief sensory impressions of stimuli
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What is working memory? (Short term memory or STM)
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The second of three memory stages, and the most limited in capacity. It preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute without a rehearsal.
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What is Long term memory (LTM)?
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The third of three memory stages, with the largest capacity and longest duration; LTM stores material organized according to material.
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What is the encoding of sensory memory?
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Sensory images; no meaningful encoding
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What is the storage capacity, duration, structure of sensory memory?
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12-16 items, about .25 of a sec, a separate sensory register for each sense
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What is the biological basis for sensory memory?
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sensory pathways
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What is the encoding of STM?
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encodes information (especially by meaning) to make it acceptable for LTM
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What is the storage capacity, duration, structure of STM?
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"Magic number 7" plus or minus 2 chunks/about 20-30 seconds/central executive, phonological loop, sketchpad
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What is the biological basis for STM?
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involves the hippocampus and frontal lobes
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What is the encoding for LTM?
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Stores information in meaningful mental categories
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What is the storage capacity, duration, structure of LTM?
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Unlimited/Unlimited/Procedural memory and declarative memory (further subdivided into semantic and episodic memory)
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What is the biological basis of LTM?
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Involves various parts of the cerebral cortex.
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What is the formula to determine someone's intelligence quotient (IQ)?
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IQ= Mental Age/Chronological Age multiplied by 100.
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What is mental age?
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The average age at which normal individuals achieve a particular score.
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What is chronological age?
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The number of years since the individual's birth.
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What is Gardner's multiple intelligence theories?
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Linguistic- (language)
Logical- mathematical Spatial- mental images/objects of or pertaining to space. Musical- producing music Bodily-Kinesthetic- ability to control movement Interpersonal- pertaining to the relations between persons Intrapersonal- ability to know oneself, to develop a satisfactory sense of identity, and to regulate one's life. |
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What are the big ideas on which psychology's six perspectives are based?
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Biological
Cognitive Behavioral Whole-person Developmental Sociocultural |
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What is the big idea of biological perspective?
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the body can be studied separately from the mind.
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What is the big idea of cognitive perspective?
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The methods of science can be used to study the mind.
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What is the big idea of behavioral perspective?
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Psychology should be the science of observable behavior-not mental processes
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What is the big idea of Whole-person perspective?
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-Psychodynamic Psychology
-Humanistic Psychology -Trait and temperament psychology |
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What is psychodynamic psychology?
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Personality and mental disorders arise from processes in the unconscious mind
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What is Humanistic psychology?
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Psychology should emphasize human growth and potential, rather than mental disorder
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What is trait and temperament psychology?
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Individuals can be understood in terms of their basic temperaments and enduring personality traits.
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What is the big idea of developmental perspective?
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People change as the influences of heredity and environment unfold over time.
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What is the big idea of Sociocultural perspective?
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The power of situation: Social and cultural influences can overpower the influences of all other factors in determining behavior.
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What is context memory?
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memory that was encoded and can trigger your memory down the road.
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What is independent variable?
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a stimulus condition so named because the experimenter changes it independently of all the other carefully controlled experimental conditions.
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What is a dependent variable?
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the measured outcome of a study; the responses of the subjects in a study.
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What is random assignment?
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a process used to asign individuals to various experimental conditions by chance alone.
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What is placebo?
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Substance that appears to be a drug but it is not. Placebos are often referred to as "sugar pills" because they might contain only sugar, rather than a real drug.
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What is a double-blind study?
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an experimental procedure in which both researchers and participants are uninformed about the nature of the independent variable being administered.
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What is a case study?
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Research involving a single individual (or, at most, a few individuals).
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What is cerebral hemispheres?
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The large symmetrical halves of the brain located atop the brain stem.
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What is corpus callosum?
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The band of nerve cells that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
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