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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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induction
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start with specific fact and draw general conclusions
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deduction
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start with a general fact and draw specific conclusions
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heuristic
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a quick and dirty rule which allows for efficiency but error prone
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types of availability (heuristics)
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-vividness
-ease of construction -unpacking -unanchoring -unrepresentative experience |
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vividness
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when you remember a certain memory because of media hype such as you consider death by motor accidents more common versus death by diabetes because they are readily seen on news channels causing distortion in frequency judments in memory
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ease of construction
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it is easier to remember there being more words starting with R than those with r in third position (--R)
because our memory is organized like a dictionary so its easer to do a memory search |
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unrepresentative experience
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it is easier to remember an experience which is easily represented in our memory such as a teacher would think that a student's performance is getting better as a result of practice and would establish by asking student who would not admit the opposit so since this is the only memory represented by the teacher it is the only one the teacher has.
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anchoring
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the process of giving something a ballpark value and adjusting up or down
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conjuction fallacy
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people rely on prototypes and stereotypes rather than base rates to estimate or make a judgements
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gambler's fallacy
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gamblers tend to believe thatafter a series of heads a tail is due. this is due to the assumption of reaching 50:50 which does not occur in small sample sizes
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guard representativenes study
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half are told guard is typical, half are told guard is atypical. half are shown kind guard and half are shown mean guard and then asked about opinions of crime justice system. results show that people's opinion was based on what people saw not how typical or atypical it was
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triggering`
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people are better at remembering to use statistical knowledge if it involves chance and even better if it involves sampling
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covariation chapman & chapman study
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used inkblots and asked participants what responses would lead to indicate homosexuality. particpants indicated seeing 'buttocks' would which is similar for the clinicians at that time.concluded that if u are looking for something you will find it
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confirmation bias
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people test their hypothesis by choosing tests that confirm them rather than those that disconfirm them
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belief perservance
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once you have made a judgement about something you tend to stay with it even if proven it is not valid
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formal logic
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it is made of logical rules which are independent of content and independent of truth of premises
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valid, true and sound arguments
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valid: content free accurate arguments
true: factual, honest ad accurate sound: valid and true |
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syllogism
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a form of deductiveness reasoning containing two premises and a conclusion
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if and only if errors
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in daily conversation when we say if we mean either 'if' or if and only if and we let the context distinguish. such as in the dialogue " if you dont eat your supper than you wont get dessert" this does not mean if you do eat you supper you will get dessert.
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affirming the consequent
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if p then q
Q therefore P is invalid because p could be a result of other consequences |
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pragmatic reasoning schemata
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a general schemata which is used in cause-effect relationships, obligations and permissions
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necessary vs sufficient conditions
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necessary= a condition where something must be true for rest of sentence is true
sufficient= a condition which guarnatees if something is true then claim is true |
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mental models
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an internal representation of how abstract concep is represented as a concrete representation which illustrates how the abstract affairs are related
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utility theory
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max. benefit, min cost and compare each factor's importance by relative importance to us
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framing
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how a situation is phrased even though they can are the same, where one contemplates loss other gain. people tend to be risk takers when contemplating loss, risk averse when contemplating gain
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problem solving as a search
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like a search from initial to goal state. initial state is knowledge and resources you have at outset, have a set of operators (tools or actions that can change state) with a possibility of path contraints (resource limitations or ethical limits) to rule out options
-this mehod is efficient but time costly because it involves organizing problem into a tree which involves evaluating all options |
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hill climbing strategy
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choose option which allow to move forward towards goal. problematic when working with a problem requiring to move backwards or move away
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means-end strategy
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figure out difference between the inital and goal state and divide the route into a small subproblems, solve each subproblem and reach goal
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problem solving via analogy
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use analogy to improve how we remember and understand something. if experimenter point out relationship between jealous husband problem and hobbit and orc problem they can solve the problem. analogies work best if a person focuses on the deep meaning rather than the surface meaning
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general knowledge
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things you know without knowing where you know it from including schematas
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concept
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mental representation of category
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category
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set of entities of examples picked out by concept
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reasons as to why we categorize
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enables us to make sense of the world and use to profit out future, name new things and actions, know how to treat new things despite having never seen them before
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functions of categorization
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-classification
-prediction:treat perceptually different things as similar -understanding: allow to break experience into meaningful chunks and create an interpretation of it -reasoning: dont need to remember everything if you can make inferences -communication |
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family resemblance
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a way to group objects or items into a category by having certain but not all features in common
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prototype theory
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can be interpreted as a n avergae or representative member of category. an object is compared against the mental prototype for that category
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evidence for prototype theory
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-sentence verification tasks
-production tasks -picture identification -explicit category judgements -induction |
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basic level category
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-learned first
-used commonly by novices -only 1 word -common level for communciation |
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exemplar theory
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compare current example to a specific example in memory and draw an analogy
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