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82 Cards in this Set

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Refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.
Problem Solving
What are the 3 basic types of problem solving?
Inducing, Arrangement, Transformation
A person must discover the relationship among parts of the problem.
(Series Completion and Analogies)
Inducing Structure Problems
Reasoning from large to small.
All mortals die, we are all mortals, I am mortal, I will die. If the premise is true, then the conclusion is true.
Deductive Reasoning.
Reasoning from small to large. I am mortal, I will die, we are all mortals, we all will die. The premise provides support for the conclusion. (Not always true) John is smart, John scored high on his SAT's, people who score high on their SAT's do better in college.
Inductive Reasoning.
Problem solving that involves arranging the parts in a way that satisfies some criterion. The parts are usually arranged in many ways, but only a few of the arrangements form a solution. (The String Problem)
Arrangement Problems
A purposeful mental process which involves operating on the information that you have in order to reach a conclusion.
Reasoning
Problem solving that you must carry out a sequence of events in order to reach a specific goal.
(Hobbit and Orc Problem)
Transformation
What are the 4 barriers to problems solving?
Irrelevant info, functional fixedness, mental set and unnecessary constraints
Information that leads people astray.
Irrelevant infomation
A tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common usage.
Functional Fixedness
Exists when people persist on using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past. Reliance in "tried and true" strategies.
Mental Set
When someone tries to narrow down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer
Convergent Thinking
When someone tries to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions. Breaking free of conceptions.
Divergent Thinking
Placing constraints on problem solving. Not thinking outside the box.
(Connect the dot problem)
Unnecessary constraints
A guiding principle, or "rule of thumb"
Heuristics
What are the 4 Heuristics?
Trial and Error, Forming Subgoals, Analogies and Change Representation
What is it called when you break down large goals into smaller goals
Goal Gradient
Involves trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works.
Trial and Error
Are an immediate step to a solution to a problem. When you create these, each step solves a part of the problem
Sub Goals
If you can spot a correlation between problems, you may be able to use the solution from a previous problem to solve the current one.
Analogies
How you solve a problem often hinges on how you envision it. Most problems are solved verbally, mathematically and spatially. Sometimes you have to solve problems using a table, and equation, a graph, a matrix, tree diagram or flowchart
Change Representation
When people rely on external frames of reference and tend to accept the physical environment as a given instead of trying to analyze or restructure it. (Asian Cultures)
Field Dependent
When people rely on internal frames of reference and tend to analyze and try to restructure the physical environment rather than accepting it as it is. (Western Cultures)
Field Independent
Focuses on context and relationships among elements in a field. (Asian Cultures)
Holistic Cognitive Style
Focuses on objects and their properties rather than context. (Western Cultures)
Analytic Cognitive Style
Asians see ________, Westerners see_________.
Whole; Parts
Involves evaluation alternatives and making choices among them.
Decision Making
People uses sensible decision strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of the available options.
Bounded Rationality
What are the 3 methods of decision making?
Additive (Pro/Con Table) Preferences, and Elimination
When you construct a grid and applying the desired aspects a numerical value and using a table to find a solution.
Additive Strategy (Pro/Con)
When you select alternatives in decision making.
Preferences
Making a choice by gradually eliminating less attractive alternatives.
Elimination by Aspect
Involves making choices under conditions or uncertainty (not knowing what will happen)
Risky Decision Making
Involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. (Divorce rate based on number of friends parents who are divorced)
Availability Heuristic
Involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event. (In Politics-Four More Years of Bush)
Representative Heuristic
Feeling over confident in making a decision
Over confidence effect
Occurs when people estimate that the odds of two or more uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone. (The College Professor example)
Conjunction Fallacy
The belief that the odds or a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently.
Gambler's Fallacy
Exaggerating the improbable
(Car crash or air plane crash more likely to happen)
Overestimating the Improbable
If one of two alternatives is recognized and the other is not, infer that the recognized alternative has the higher value
Recognition Heuristic
The ability to make fast decisions under demanding circumstances with little or no information
Fast and Frugal Heuristics
The ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, to think abstractly, to act purposefully and to adapt to change
Intelligence
The testing of mental abilities, traiits and processes.
Psychometrics
A test that measures the skills and knowledge you already have.
Achievement Tests
A test that measures your ability to acquire certain skills.
Aptitude Tests
Who made the first IQ test?
Alfred Binet
What was the name of the first IQ test?
Binet-Simon Scale
What did the Binet-Simon scale measure?
A child's mental age compared to his chronological age.
What indicates that he or she displayed the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological age.
Mental Age
What IQ test was made after Binet died in 1911?
Stanford-Binet IQ Test
A child's mental age divided by the chronological age and multiplied by 100.
Intelligence Quotient
Mental Age
IQ=_________ X 100
Chrono Age
What is the average IQ?
90-100
What IQ is considered genius?
130+
What is an IQ level of 70 or below?
Mental Retardation
Is IQ stable through adolescence and adulthood?
Yes.
What was the adult IQ test created in 1939 which included non-verbal reasoning. It also created separate scores for verbal and nonverbal IQ.
Wechsler IQ (WAIS)
A symmetrical, bell shaped curve that represents a pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population.
Normal Distribution
Location of respondents precisely within the normal distribution.
Deviation IQ Scores
Indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained.
Percentile Score
Are IQ tests reliable?
Yes
How do we interpret IQ scores?
Reliability, Validity, Correlation Coefficient, Cultural determination
What is the consistency of an IQ test? You will get the same results each time.
Reliability
What are the three main types of Intelligence?
Verbal, Practical, Social
What is the ability of a test to measure what is meant to measure?
Validity
A numerical index of the degree of the relationship between two variables.
Correlation Coefficient
Do Asian countries rely on IQ tests as much as Western countries do?
No.
If I child is raised in a deprived environment, and moves to an an enriched environment, can his or her IQ go up?
Yes.
An estimate of the proportion that is determined by variations in genetic makeup
Heritability Ratio
What is the Flynn Effect and what is attributed to it?
The average IQ score has risen steadily since WWII. Due to improved schools, better educated parents, higher quality parenting, and technology
Refers to the genetically determined limits in IQ and other traits. Heredity can set upper and lower limits
Reaction Range
Who was the first to study racial differences in IQ?
Jensen, Heredity causes average IQ scores to vary in the races.
The correlation between mental speed and intelligence.
Reaction Times
How long it takes participants to make simple perceptual discrimination that meet a certain criterion of accuracy.
Inspection Time
Who came up with the Triarchic Theory?
Sternberg
Specifies behaviors considered intelligent in a particular culture. Ebonics
Contextual Subtheory
Specifies how experiences affect intelligence and how intelligence affects a person's experience.
Experiential Subtheory
Specifies the cognitive processes that underlie all intelligent behavior (Meta Components, Knowledge Acquisition Components, Performance Components)
Componential Subtheory
Of the Componential Subtheory what are the three facets of intelligence?
Practical, Analytical, Creative
What are the 8 Independent Intelligences argued by Gardner?
Logical, Linguistic, Musical, Spatial, Bodily/Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist
Involves the generation of ideas that are original, novel and useful
Creativity
Occurs when a hypothetical, abstract concept is given a name and then treated as though it were a concrete, tangible object
Reitification