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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable.
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Problem Solving
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What are the 3 basic types of problem solving?
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Inducing, Arrangement, Transformation
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A person must discover the relationship among parts of the problem.
(Series Completion and Analogies) |
Inducing Structure Problems
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Reasoning from large to small.
All mortals die, we are all mortals, I am mortal, I will die. If the premise is true, then the conclusion is true. |
Deductive Reasoning.
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Reasoning from small to large. I am mortal, I will die, we are all mortals, we all will die. The premise provides support for the conclusion. (Not always true) John is smart, John scored high on his SAT's, people who score high on their SAT's do better in college.
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Inductive Reasoning.
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Problem solving that involves arranging the parts in a way that satisfies some criterion. The parts are usually arranged in many ways, but only a few of the arrangements form a solution. (The String Problem)
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Arrangement Problems
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A purposeful mental process which involves operating on the information that you have in order to reach a conclusion.
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Reasoning
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Problem solving that you must carry out a sequence of events in order to reach a specific goal.
(Hobbit and Orc Problem) |
Transformation
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What are the 4 barriers to problems solving?
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Irrelevant info, functional fixedness, mental set and unnecessary constraints
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Information that leads people astray.
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Irrelevant infomation
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A tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common usage.
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Functional Fixedness
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Exists when people persist on using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past. Reliance in "tried and true" strategies.
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Mental Set
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When someone tries to narrow down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer
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Convergent Thinking
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When someone tries to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions. Breaking free of conceptions.
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Divergent Thinking
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Placing constraints on problem solving. Not thinking outside the box.
(Connect the dot problem) |
Unnecessary constraints
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A guiding principle, or "rule of thumb"
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Heuristics
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What are the 4 Heuristics?
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Trial and Error, Forming Subgoals, Analogies and Change Representation
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What is it called when you break down large goals into smaller goals
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Goal Gradient
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Involves trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works.
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Trial and Error
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Are an immediate step to a solution to a problem. When you create these, each step solves a part of the problem
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Sub Goals
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If you can spot a correlation between problems, you may be able to use the solution from a previous problem to solve the current one.
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Analogies
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How you solve a problem often hinges on how you envision it. Most problems are solved verbally, mathematically and spatially. Sometimes you have to solve problems using a table, and equation, a graph, a matrix, tree diagram or flowchart
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Change Representation
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When people rely on external frames of reference and tend to accept the physical environment as a given instead of trying to analyze or restructure it. (Asian Cultures)
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Field Dependent
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When people rely on internal frames of reference and tend to analyze and try to restructure the physical environment rather than accepting it as it is. (Western Cultures)
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Field Independent
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Focuses on context and relationships among elements in a field. (Asian Cultures)
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Holistic Cognitive Style
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Focuses on objects and their properties rather than context. (Western Cultures)
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Analytic Cognitive Style
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Asians see ________, Westerners see_________.
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Whole; Parts
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Involves evaluation alternatives and making choices among them.
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Decision Making
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People uses sensible decision strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of the available options.
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Bounded Rationality
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What are the 3 methods of decision making?
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Additive (Pro/Con Table) Preferences, and Elimination
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When you construct a grid and applying the desired aspects a numerical value and using a table to find a solution.
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Additive Strategy (Pro/Con)
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When you select alternatives in decision making.
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Preferences
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Making a choice by gradually eliminating less attractive alternatives.
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Elimination by Aspect
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Involves making choices under conditions or uncertainty (not knowing what will happen)
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Risky Decision Making
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Involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. (Divorce rate based on number of friends parents who are divorced)
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Availability Heuristic
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Involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event. (In Politics-Four More Years of Bush)
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Representative Heuristic
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Feeling over confident in making a decision
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Over confidence effect
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Occurs when people estimate that the odds of two or more uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone. (The College Professor example)
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Conjunction Fallacy
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The belief that the odds or a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently.
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Gambler's Fallacy
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Exaggerating the improbable
(Car crash or air plane crash more likely to happen) |
Overestimating the Improbable
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If one of two alternatives is recognized and the other is not, infer that the recognized alternative has the higher value
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Recognition Heuristic
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The ability to make fast decisions under demanding circumstances with little or no information
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Fast and Frugal Heuristics
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The ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, to think abstractly, to act purposefully and to adapt to change
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Intelligence
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The testing of mental abilities, traiits and processes.
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Psychometrics
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A test that measures the skills and knowledge you already have.
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Achievement Tests
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A test that measures your ability to acquire certain skills.
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Aptitude Tests
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Who made the first IQ test?
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Alfred Binet
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What was the name of the first IQ test?
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Binet-Simon Scale
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What did the Binet-Simon scale measure?
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A child's mental age compared to his chronological age.
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What indicates that he or she displayed the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological age.
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Mental Age
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What IQ test was made after Binet died in 1911?
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Stanford-Binet IQ Test
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A child's mental age divided by the chronological age and multiplied by 100.
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Intelligence Quotient
Mental Age IQ=_________ X 100 Chrono Age |
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What is the average IQ?
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90-100
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What IQ is considered genius?
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130+
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What is an IQ level of 70 or below?
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Mental Retardation
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Is IQ stable through adolescence and adulthood?
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Yes.
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What was the adult IQ test created in 1939 which included non-verbal reasoning. It also created separate scores for verbal and nonverbal IQ.
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Wechsler IQ (WAIS)
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A symmetrical, bell shaped curve that represents a pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population.
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Normal Distribution
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Location of respondents precisely within the normal distribution.
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Deviation IQ Scores
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Indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained.
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Percentile Score
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Are IQ tests reliable?
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Yes
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How do we interpret IQ scores?
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Reliability, Validity, Correlation Coefficient, Cultural determination
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What is the consistency of an IQ test? You will get the same results each time.
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Reliability
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What are the three main types of Intelligence?
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Verbal, Practical, Social
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What is the ability of a test to measure what is meant to measure?
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Validity
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A numerical index of the degree of the relationship between two variables.
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Correlation Coefficient
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Do Asian countries rely on IQ tests as much as Western countries do?
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No.
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If I child is raised in a deprived environment, and moves to an an enriched environment, can his or her IQ go up?
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Yes.
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An estimate of the proportion that is determined by variations in genetic makeup
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Heritability Ratio
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What is the Flynn Effect and what is attributed to it?
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The average IQ score has risen steadily since WWII. Due to improved schools, better educated parents, higher quality parenting, and technology
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Refers to the genetically determined limits in IQ and other traits. Heredity can set upper and lower limits
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Reaction Range
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Who was the first to study racial differences in IQ?
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Jensen, Heredity causes average IQ scores to vary in the races.
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The correlation between mental speed and intelligence.
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Reaction Times
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How long it takes participants to make simple perceptual discrimination that meet a certain criterion of accuracy.
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Inspection Time
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Who came up with the Triarchic Theory?
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Sternberg
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Specifies behaviors considered intelligent in a particular culture. Ebonics
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Contextual Subtheory
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Specifies how experiences affect intelligence and how intelligence affects a person's experience.
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Experiential Subtheory
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Specifies the cognitive processes that underlie all intelligent behavior (Meta Components, Knowledge Acquisition Components, Performance Components)
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Componential Subtheory
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Of the Componential Subtheory what are the three facets of intelligence?
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Practical, Analytical, Creative
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What are the 8 Independent Intelligences argued by Gardner?
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Logical, Linguistic, Musical, Spatial, Bodily/Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist
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Involves the generation of ideas that are original, novel and useful
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Creativity
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Occurs when a hypothetical, abstract concept is given a name and then treated as though it were a concrete, tangible object
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Reitification
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