Psychology Chp 7,8,12

Front 1

behaviorism

Back 1

view that psychology
1) should be an objective science that
2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Front 2

learning

Back 2

a relatively permanent change in an organisms' behavior due to experience

Front 3

classical conditioning

Back 3

type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Front 4

acquisition

Back 4

initial stage; when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus triggering conditioned response

Front 5

extinction

Back 5

diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimuli (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 6

spontaneous recovery

Back 6

reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Front 7

generalization

Back 7

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Front 8

discrimination

Back 8

classical conditioning; the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal on US

Front 9

operant conditioning

Back 9

type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Front 10

shaping behavior

Back 10

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximation of the behavior

Front 11

mirror neurons

Back 11

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; may enable imitation/empathy

Front 12

encoding

Back 12

processing of information memory system ex) extracting meaning

Front 13

storage

Back 13

retention of encoded information over time

Front 14

retrieval

Back 14

process of getting information out of memory storage

Front 15

sensory memory

Back 15

immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in memory system

Front 16

short-term memory

Back 16

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digit number while dialing, before information is stored or forgotten

Front 17

long-term memory

Back 17

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Front 18

iconic memory

Back 18

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photogenic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Front 19

echoic memory

Back 19

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled 3 or 4 seconds after

Front 20

automatic processing

Back 20

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned information such as word meanings

Front 21

effortful processing

Back 21

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Front 22

serial position effect

Back 22

our tendency to recall best and the last and first items in a list

Front 23

spacing effect

Back 23

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Front 24

mnemonics

Back 24

memory aids; techniques that vivid imagery; organize devices

Front 25

imagery

Back 25

mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing combined with encoding

Front 26

flashbulb memory

Back 26

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Front 27

amnesia

Back 27

loss of memory

Front 28

implicit memory

Back 28

retention independent of conscious recollection; cerebellum

Front 29

explicit memory

Back 29

memory of facts and experience that one can know and declare consciously; hippocampus

Front 30

recall

Back 30

measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier; fill-in-the-blank