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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are endorphins?
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Endorphins are neurotransmitters that produce an euphoric "runner's high" when the body is dealing with a stressful situation.
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When does the nervous system rest?
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Never; even when asleep, your nervous system is regulating body functions.
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What are the two parts of the nervous system?
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The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
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What makes up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
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The brain and the spinal cord.
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What is the function of the spinal cord?
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The spinal cord is composed of nerves that run up and down the length of one's back and transmit most messages between the body and the brain.
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Where are the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) nerves?
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The PNS nerves branch off the spinal cord to the rest of the body and are about as thick as a pencil.
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What protects the brain?
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The skull and several layers of sheathing.
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What protects the spinal cord?
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The vertebrae.
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What protects the peripheral nerves?
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Layers of sheathing.
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How do spinal cord injuries affect the body?
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They prevent the transmittal of messages between the body and brain.
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What happens if the transmittal of messages between the brain and body is disrupted?
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Paralysis.
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What happens after injuries to the cervical 4 (C4) vertebrae?
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Quadriplegia.
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What happens after injuries to the cervical 6 (C6) vertebrae?
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Quadriplegia.
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What happens after injuries to the thoracic 6 (T6) vertebrae?
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Paraplegia.
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What happens after injuries to the lumbar 1 (L1) vertebrae?
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Paraplegia.
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What are the order, from top of the spine to the bottom of the spine, of the spinal groupings?
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Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal.
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How do the spinal groupings relate to parts of the body or back?
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Cervical- neck; Thoracic- upper back; Lumbar- lower back; Sacral and Coccygeal- tail bone.
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What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
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The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
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What makes up the autonomic nervous system?
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
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What does the somatic nervous system control?
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The voluntary muscles.
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What does the autonomic nervous system control?
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Involuntary muscles.
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What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do?
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It arouses and expends energy.
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What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do?
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Conserves energy.
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What is a reflex?
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A reflex is a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus.
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What does a sensory neuron control?
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Incoming information.
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What does a motor neuron control?
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Outgoing information.
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How does the endocrine system compare to the nervous system?
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The endocrine system is similar to the nervous system, except much slower.
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What does the endocrine system do?
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Releases hormones into the body's system.
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What is the master gland of the endocrine system?
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The pituitary gland.
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What is the function of the hypothalamus?
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It controls the pituitary gland; it is in the brain.
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What is the function of the pituitary gland?
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It secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands; it is in the brain.
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What is the function of the thyroid gland?
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It affects metabolism, among other things; it is in the throat.
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What is the function of the parathyroids?
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They help regulate the level of calcium in the blood; it is in the throat.
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What is the function of the adrenal glands?
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The inner part, called the medulla, helps trigger the "fight or flight" response.
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What is the function of the pancreas?
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It regulates the level of sugar in the blood.
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What is the function of the ovary?
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It secrets female sex hormones.
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What is the function of the testis?
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They secrete male sex hormones.
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What is a neuron?
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A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
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What is another name for the sensory neurons?
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The afferent neurons.
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What is another name for the motor neurons?
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The efferent neurons.
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What are interneurons?
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Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
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What is a dendrite?
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The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
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What is an axon?
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The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles and glands.
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Which is longer, an axon or a dendrite?
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An axon.
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What is the myelin sheath?
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The insulated layer of fatty tissue that protects the axon.
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What causes multiple sclerosis?
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Deterioration of the myelin sheath.
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What is actual potential?
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A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
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What is the synapse?
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The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.
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