Psychology Chapters 3 And 5

Front 1

Briefly describe the major components and function of the central nervous system (CNS):

Back 1

1.Consist of the spinal cord and the brain
2.coordinates and integrates all bodily functions
3.processor of incoming and outgoing messages.
4. commanding position in the nervous system

Front 2

Briefly describe the major components and function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS):

Back 2

1. transmitting information to and from the spinal cord and the brain
2. composed of 2 different regions called the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Front 3

Define neuron:

Back 3

1. the basic unit of the brain and nervous system
2. vary in shape, size, and others things depending on location and function
3. transmit messages to other neurons and to glands and muscle throughout the body.

Front 4

What are the 3 classes of neurons?

Back 4

1. sensory neurons
2. motor neurons
3. interneurons

Front 5

Identify the four main parts of a neuron:

Back 5

1. the cell body or soma
2. the dendrites
3. the axon
4. the terminal buttons

Front 6

what is the function of the cell body?

Back 6

1. largest part
2. handle metabolic functions
3. contains nucleus that holds DNA
4. can receive impulses

Front 7

what is the function of the dendrited?

Back 7

1. receive the signals from surrounding neurons.
2. the more there are the more connections that can be made

Front 8

Describe the sensory neuron:

Back 8

1. neuron or nerve cell that carries messages to the CNS from receptors in the skin, ears, nose, eyes, and other receptor organs.

Front 9

Describe motor neurons:

Back 9

Neuron that transmits messages from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.

Front 10

Describe Interneurons:

Back 10

Neuron of the central nervous system that functions as an intermediary between sensory and motor neurons. Without sensory messages would nee result in the appropriate responses.

Front 11

What is the function of the axon?

Back 11

1. takes signals from the cell body at a pt called the axon hillock and transmits it along its entire length
2. at end divided into 2 branches called collaterals increase communication

Front 12

What is the function of the terminal buttons?

Back 12

1. store and release chemical substances (neurotransmitters) that enable nerve impulses to cross from one neuron to another.

Front 13

Whats does myelin do?

Back 13

1. insulates the axon
2. increases the speed of conduction along the axiom
3. gives the area the color or either white or gray matter

Front 14

Most peripheral axons are ____, and most of the axons in the brain are ___?

Back 14

1.myelinated
2. un-myelinated

Front 15

Define resting potential:

Back 15

state in which a neuron is not transmitting a nerve impulse. A neuron in this state have a - charge relative to it outside, and this state of potential energy prepares it to be activated by an impulse from an adjacent neuron

Front 16

Define graded potential:

Back 16

Voltage change in a neurons dendrites that is produced by receiving an impulse from another neuron(s).

Front 17

Describe how graded potential results in the neuron reaching a threshold value:

Back 17

When several graded potentials occur simultaneously they may be sufficient enough to depolarize the neuron to a threshold value of about -55 millivolts. pg 67

Front 18

What is neural transmission?

Back 18

the process by which impulses are transmitted in the CNS.

Front 19

Describe action potential:

Back 19

Electrical signal that flows along the surface of the axon to the terminal buttons, initiating the release of neurotransmitters. initiated when axon is depolarized to threshold level. na k example.

Front 20

What is the all-or-none law?

Back 20

An action potential will be passed through a neurons axon as a long as the sum of the graded potentials reaches a threshold. The strength of an action potential does not vary according to the degree of the stimulation

Front 21

Define Glia cells:

Back 21

specialized cells that form insulating covers called myelin sheaths around the axons of some neurons, increase conductivity.

Front 22

Definition of the Node of Ranvier:

Back 22

small gap or exposed portion of the axon of a neuron between the glia cells that form the myelin sheath.

Front 23

Definition of Synapse:

Back 23

Includes the synaptic gap an a portion of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes that are involved in transmitting a signal between neurons.

Front 24

Definition of neurotransmitter:

Back 24

Chemical messenger that transmits an impulse across the synaptic gap from one neuron to another.

Front 25

Definition of neural excitation:

Back 25

is when positive charged ions enter the cell the membrane then become excited, or depolarized. effect is EPSP.

Front 26

Definition of neural inhibition:

Back 26

is when negative charged ions enter the cell making the membrane more negative leads to IPSP

Front 27

Definition of EPSP:

Back 27

Effects that occur when excitatory neurotransmitters cause a graded potential to occur on the dendrite or the cell body of a receiving neuron

Front 28

Definition of IPSP:

Back 28

a transitory state of hyperpolarization that occurs when inhibitory neurotransmitters inhibit the postsynaptic membrane of receiving a neuron.

Front 29

Discuss the transmission of a neural impulse from one neuron to another:

Back 29

1. axon fires travels to terminal buttons
2. change in membrane permeability leads to excitation or inhibition
3. which then leads to EPSP or IPSP

Front 30

study table 3.1

Back 30

study table 3.1 pg 72

Front 31

What are the components and function of the somatic nervous systems?

Back 31

transmits messages to and from major skeletal muscles as well as from sensory organs to the CNS. Skin, muscles, organs.sends to spinal cord and brain.

Front 32

What are the components and functions of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 32

transmits messages between the central nervous system and the endocrine system as well as smooth muscles of the heart, lungs, stomach, and other internal organs

Front 33

Discuss the Sympathetic nervous system:

Back 33

increases heart rate, dilates pupils, inhibits digestive activity

Front 34

Similarities between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic:

Back 34

they work together. balance of these 2 allows us to maintain normal state.

Front 35

Differences between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic:

Back 35

para- tends to affect specific glands and organs independently. Sym- acts as unit mobilizing all of them

Front 36

Describe the peripheral nervous system:

Back 36

consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Front 37

Describe the sympathetic nervous system:

Back 37

Activated in emergency situations and causes heart rate and breathing to increase

Front 38

Describe the central nervous system:

Back 38

plays a central role in coordinating and integrating all bodily functions

Front 39

Describe the parasympathetic nervous system:

Back 39

counteracts the responses caused by the sympathetic.

Front 40

Describe interneuron:

Back 40

present in the spinal cord and brain

Front 41

Describe the motor neuron:

Back 41

relays or sends messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Front 42

Describe the sensory neuron:

Back 42

relays or sends messages from the body to the spinal cord and brain

Front 43

What is action potential?

Back 43

Electrical state that occurs in an all-or-none manner

Front 44

What does an axon do?

Back 44

Sends the action potential toward other neurons

Front 45

Whats does the cell body do?

Back 45

Controls the metabolic functions of the neuron

Front 46

What do dendrites do?

Back 46

Receives information from other neurons

Front 47

Describe ESPS:

Back 47

Occurs when positive charged ions enter the postsynaptic membrane

Front 48

Graded potentials?

Back 48

Vary in relation to the intensity of stimulation and distance from the pt of stimulation

Front 49

Describe IPSP?

Back 49

Occurs when negative charged ions enter or positive charged ions exit the postsynaptic membrane

Front 50

The myelin sheath is made up of what kinda cells?

Back 50

glia cells

Front 51

The cerebellum does what?

Back 51

Provides fine-tuning or control of body movements

Front 52

The cerebrum is composed or what colored matter?

Back 52

gray and white

Front 53

What is the corpus callosum?

Back 53

Nerve fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 54

What does the hypothalamus control?

Back 54

Involved in basic motivation, emotional expression, and control of endocrine system

Front 55

Describe the limbic system:

Back 55

Contains the amygdala, hippocampus, and septal areas, also involved in emotional expression

Front 56

Describe the basal ganglia:

Back 56

Contais the caudate nucleus, putamen, and substantial nigra, involved in control of initiation of motor movement

Front 57

Pons control what?

Back 57

Controls species-specific behaviors and influences facial expression

Front 58

Reticular formation plays a critical role in what?

Back 58

arousal and alertness

Front 59

The thalamus does what?

Back 59

Directs sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex

Front 60

The medulla controls what?

Back 60

Controls vital functions such as breathings, heart rate, and blood pressure

Front 61

The temporal lobe contains what?

Back 61

auditory cortex and Wernicke's area

Front 62

The parietal lobe contains what?

Back 62

somatosensory cortex

Front 63

the association cortex is involved in what?

Back 63

in higher mental functions and consists of 75% of the cortex

Front 64

the frontal lobe contains what? and is involved in what?

Back 64

motor cortex, brocas area, and is involved in emotional expression

Front 65

What is the lateralization of function?

Back 65

degree to which a particular function is controlled by only one side of the cortex

Front 66

the occipital lobe contains what?

Back 66

visual cortex

Front 67

The adrenal gland does what?

Back 67

secretes hormones that act in association with the sympathetic nervous system and also increase matabolism

Front 68

the endocrine system does what?

Back 68

governs behavior

Front 69

The gonads secrete what?

Back 69

estrogen and or androgens

Front 70

What are hormones?

Back 70

Chemicals secreted into the bloodstream that influence target organs

Front 71

The pituitary gland releases what?

Back 71

hormones that influence other glands

Front 72

What does the thyroid regulate?

Back 72

metabolism

Front 73

T or F: the terminal buttons of one neuron secrete neurotransmitter into the synapse where it stimulates the axon of a second neuron?

Back 73

false

Front 74

T or F: Axons insulated with myelin sheaths conduct the action potential at a faster rate than uninsulated axons?

Back 74

true

Front 75

T or F: neurotransmitters may have either an excitatory of inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic membrane?

Back 75

true

Front 76

T or F the somatic system controls the smooth muscles, internal organs, and glands of the body?

Back 76

true

Front 77

T or F considerable damage to the frontal lobe would likely affect the emotional life of an individual?

Back 77

false

Front 78

T or F the pituitary gland is considered the "master gland" because it secretes hormones that stimulate the hypothalamus?

Back 78

False

Front 79

What system has more of an immediate effect on behavior?

Back 79

activation of the nervous system

Front 80

the 2 major division of the nervous system are the?

Back 80

central and peripheral