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28 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is memory?
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
What is flash bulb memory? Under what circumstances does it occur?

What incidental details does it usually include?
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moments or event. It includes memories of incidental details
What is narrative reconstruction?
change the story slightly, fill in gaps, omit details
Atkinson and shiffrin Model (1968)
External events ->Sensory memory -> short term memory -> long term memory

Sensory motor - info may be lost

Short term memory - info may be lost
What is sensory memory?
visual store - iconic, auditory, store - echoic)

What are its duration and capacity?
brief storage of information

Iconic - about 1 second
Echoic - about 4 seconds
What is short-term memory (working memory)?

What are its duration and capacity?
Activation memory that holds a few items briefly

holds a small amount of information (5 - 9 pieces of information)

lasts about 20 seconds
What is long-term memory?

What are its duration and capacity?
Permanent memory store

Large capacity
Lasts a long time

includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
What is rehearsal?
Repeating the items
What is automatic and effortful processing?
Automatic processing - unconscious processing of incidental information

Effortful processing - encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Herman Ebbinghaus's research:
who was his subject?
Himself
What are nonsense syllables?
Series of letters that doesn't logically make sense
What is the method of savings?
amount of time was less or repetitions few to relearn a list of items
What is chunking?
unit of information
What is the serial position effect?
Tendency to recall best the last items (Recency effect) and first items (primacy effect) in a list
What is primacy effect?
recalling the first item in a list
Recency effect
Remembering the last items
Encoding: Meaning
level of processing

Best remembered is by meaning
Encoding: Imagery
tend to remember concrete words more than abstract words
Encoding: organization of memory
organizing the memory using methods such as chunking.
What is long-term potentiation?
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief rapid stimulation
To LTP, what is the relation of stress, hormones, and memory?
within limits, more stress or stress hormones, the better the memory
What's implicit memory?

What's explicit memory?

What's the difference?
Implicit - retention without conscious recollection

Explicit - memory of facts and experiences that can be consciously remembered

Implicit just comes and explicit comes with trying
3 tests of memory:
Recall
Recognition
Relearning
Recall - retrieve information not presently in awareness

Recognition - identify items previously learned

Relearning - amount of time less or repetitions fewer saved when relearning items
Memory cues:
Priming
Context effects
State Dependent Learning
Priming - activation of paricular associations in memory

Context effects: better recall if return to the context where something was learned

State dependent learning - slightly better recall when in the same state of consciouss as when the information was learned
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Repetition of information
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Tying new information to old memories
What is proactive interference?
Distributive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
What is retroactive interference?
disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.