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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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flashbulb memory
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system -- for example, by extracting meaning
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storage
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the retention of encoded information over time
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retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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sensory memory
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the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
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short term memory
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activated memory that hold a few items, briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. Working memory is a similar concept that focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information.
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long term memory
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the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
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automatic processing
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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effortful processing
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practiced
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serial position effect
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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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visual encoding
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the encoding of picture images
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acoustic encoding
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the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
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semantic encoding
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the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
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imagery
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mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
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mnemonics
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memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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iconic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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echoic memory
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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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long term potentiation (LTP)
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an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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amnesia
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the loss of memory
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called procedural memory.
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explicit memory
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memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
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hippocampus
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a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
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recall
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a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test
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recognition
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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
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relearning
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a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
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priming
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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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deja vu
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that eerie sense that "i've experienced this before." cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
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mood-congruent memory
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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
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proactive interference
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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of old information
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repression
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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
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misinformation effect
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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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source amnesia
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attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
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