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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Learning

A lasting change caused by experience.
Learning Curve
A graph that shows change in performance on a learning task over time.
Associative Learning
Learning that involves forming associations between stimuli.
Nonassociative Learning
Learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli.
Habituation
A form of nonassociative learning whereby repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response.
Sensitization
A form of nonassociative learning whereby a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli.
Pavlovian or Classical Conditioning
A form of associative learning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired with a sailent stimulus so that eventually the neutral stimulus predicts the salient stimulus.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that on its own elicits a response.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
A physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired.
Extinction
Reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone. Learned response can be eliminated.
Spontaneous Recovery
re-emergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred.
Stimulus Generalization
When similar stimuli elicit the same response as a conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has occurred.
Phobia
An abnormal fear, often of a stimulus that is not inherently dangerous, that may arise as a result of fear conditioning.
Systematic Desensitization
A process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object or situation.
Conditioned Taste Aversion
A form of classical conditioning whereby a previously neutral stimulus (often an odor or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it's paired with illness(nausea).
Operant of instrumental conditioning
A form of associative learning whereby behavior is modified depending on its consequences.
Law of Effect
behaviors leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviors producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again.
Behaviorism
The systematic study and manipulation of observable behavior.
Reinforcer
An experience that produces an increase in certain behavior.
Punishment
unpleasurable experience that produces a decrease in certain behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Presentation of a pleasant consequence following a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Removal of a negative consequence as a result of behavior.
Positive Punishment
Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behavior.
Negative Punishment
Removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behavior.
Primary Reinforcer
Reinforcer that is intrinsically pleasurable.
Secondary Reinforcer
Reinforcer that is associated with primary reinforcers.
Continuous Reinforcement
When behavior is reinforced every time it occurs.
Intermittent or Partial Reinforcement
A schedule of reinforcement where the behavior is only followed by reinforcement some of the time.
Fixed Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses.
Variable Ratio Schedule
The number of responses required for reinforcement varies.
Fixed Interval Schedule
Reinforcement occurs every time a specific time period has elapsed.
Variable Interval Schedule
Reinforcement occurs after varying amounts of time.
Behavior Modification
A planned effort to change behavior.
Shaping
Introducing a new behavior by reinforcing small approximations of the desired behavior.
Learned Helplessness
A situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts.
Spatial Navigation Learning
Learning that involves forming associations among stimuli relevant to navigating in space.
Insight Learning
A sudden realization of a solution to a problem or leap in understanding new concepts.
Observational Learning
Learning that occurs without overt training in response to watching the behavior.
Modeling
Mimicking others' behavior.
Long Term Potentiation
A form of synaptic change that involves increased activity in the postsynaptic cells after strong, repetitive stimulation.
Stereotype Threat
Awareness of a negative stereotype that affects oneself and often leads to impairment in performance.
Learning Disability
A specific deficiency in one aspect of cognitive function while other aspects function normally.
Dyslexia
A learning disability that involves deficits in learning to read and write.
Dyscalculia
An inability to readily acquire information about mathematics.
Attention Deficit Disorder
A disorder characterized by an inability to pay attention.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
A disorder characterized by an inability to pay attention, accompanied by excessive activity.