Psychology Chapter 6

Front 1

Ivan Pavlov

Back 1

classical conditioning; UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR (definitions and examples of each); phobias, advertising, extinction, spontaneous recovery, spontaneous recovery, stimulus discrimination, higher-order conditioning

Front 2

Edward Thordike

Back 2

instrumental learning, law of effect

Front 3

B.F. Skinner

Back 3

Operant Conditioning, reinforcement; reinforcement contingencies, shaping, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment; reinforcement schedules—fixed-ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval (definitions and examples); escape learning, difference between negative reinforcement and punishment; effective use of punishment

Front 4

Martin Seligman

Back 4

Conditioned Taste Aversion: steak dinner with sauce béarnaise: a neutral stimulus (sauce) had been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (stomach flu) which caused an unconditioned response (nausea); Preparedness—evolution has programmed organisms to acquire certain fears more readily than others; explains phobias to snakes, spiders or snakes but not electricity or hammers

Front 5

John Garcia

Back 5

taste-nausea associations are almost impossible to prevent; they are a bi-product of evolution

Front 6

Edward Tolman

Back 6

latent learning; performance improves when behavior is reinforced

Front 7

Robert Roscola

Back 7

signal relations: environmental stimuli serve as signals; the predictive value of stimuli influence behavior

Front 8

Albert Bandura

Back 8

observational learning; being conditioned indirectly by observing another’s conditioning; process: attention, retention, reproduction, motivation; reinforcement affects which responses are actually performed; observational learning explains the importance of watching violent television programs on behavior of children and why physical punishment tends to increase aggressive behavior

Front 9

Acquisition

Back 9

The formation of a new conditioned response tendency.

Front 10

Avoidance learning

Back 10

A conflict situation in which a choice must be made between two unattractive goals.

Front 11

Behavior modification

Back 11

A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.

Front 12

Behavioral contract

Back 12

A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program.

Front 13

Classical conditioning

Back 13

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Front 14

Conditioned response

(CR)

Back 14

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Front 15

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 15

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

Front 16

Continuous reinforcement

Back 16

Reinforcing every instance of a designated response.

Front 17

Cumulative recorder

Back 17

A graphic record of reinforcement and responding in a Skinner box as a function of time.

Front 18

Discriminative stimuli

Back 18

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.

Front 19

Elicit

Back 19

To draw out or bring forth

Front 20

Emit

Back 20

To send forth.

Front 21

Escape learning

Back 21

A type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

Front 22

Evaluative conditioning

Back 22

Efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a UCS to a new CS.

Front 23

Extinction

Back 23

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Front 24

Higher-order conditioning

Back 24

A type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. it were an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 25

Intermittent reinforcement

Back 25

A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Front 26

Latent learning

Back 26

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs. Law of effect The principle that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.

Front 27

Operant conditioning .

Back 27

A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Front 28

Primary reinforcers

Back 28

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Front 29

Reinforcement contingencies

Back 29

The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.

Front 30

Renewal effect

Back 30

Phenomenon that occurs if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired; the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.

Front 31

Secondary reinforcers

Back 31

Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Front 32

Shaping

Back 32

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Front 33

Spontaneous recovery

Back 33

In classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.