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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.
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Habituation
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: a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding
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Classical conditioning
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when a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
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Unconditioned stimulus
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a reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
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Conditioned response
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a reaction that resembles an unconditioned stimulus but its produced by a conditioned stimulus.
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Acquisition
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The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together.
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Extinction
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the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented
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Spontaneous recovery
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the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period.
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Generalization
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A process in which the CR is observed even through the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition.
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discrimination
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the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
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biological preparedness
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A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others.
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operant conditioning
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A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine weather it will be repeated in the future
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Law of effect
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the principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated.
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Operant behavior
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Behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment.
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Reinforcer
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Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.
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Punisher
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Any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.
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overjustification effect
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circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
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shaping
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learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior.
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fixed interval schedule (FI)
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An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made.
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Variable interval schedule (VI)
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An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement.
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Fixed ratio schedule (FR)
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An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
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Variable ratio schedule (VR)
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An operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses.
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Intermittent reinforcement
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An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement.
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intermittent reinforcement effict
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the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement
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Latent learning
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A condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future.
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congitive map
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A mental representation of the physical features of the environment.
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Observational learning
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A condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others.
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Implicit learning
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Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition.
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